CSS Subjects

Welcome to the Civil Services of Pakistan (CSS) examination, a prestigious and rigorous assessment designed to select the country’s finest individuals for leadership roles in the civil service.

The CSS syllabus serves as a roadmap for candidates, outlining the specific areas of knowledge and skills that will be assessed during the examination.

In this syllabus, you will find a detailed breakdown of the subjects and topics you need to master in order to excel in the CSS examination. It is not merely a list of subjects but a strategic tool that will help you organize your studies, prioritize your time, and tailor your preparation to the demands of the examination.

CSS Subjects:

There are 1200 marks of written examination where six hundred marks are covered through compulsory subjects and six hundred through optional subjects.

CSS Compulsory Subjects (600 Marks)

Six subjects are mandatory for the candidates to attempt. (Compulsory Subjects Detail)

CSS Optional Subjects (600 Marks out of Seven Groups)

There are seven groups containing different optional subjects. A candidate has to cover the rest of the six hundred marks through these groups.

Here are the groups with a variety of subjects

All six subjects carrying 100 marks each are to be selected.

Below can be seen seven groups containing different subjects. A candidate has to cover the rest of the six hundred marks through these groups.

Group-1:

Only one subject can be selected carrying 200 marks.

Group-2:

One subject of 200 marks or two subjects of 100 marks can be selected.

Group-3:

Only one subject can be selected carrying 100 marks only.

Group-4:

Only one subject can be selected carrying 100 marks only.

Group 5:

Only one subject can be selected carrying 100 marks only.

Group-6:

Only one subject can be selected carrying 100 marks only.

Group 7:

Only one subject can be selected carrying 100 marks only.

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PAPER:   ENGLISH ESSAY   (100 MARKS)

Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics will be given.

Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research based knowledge on a selected topic. Candidate’s articulation, expression and technical treatment of the style of English Essay writing will be examined.

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PAPER: ENGLISH (PRECIS & COMPOSITION) (100 MARKS)

The examination in this subject will be based upon a paper carrying 100 marks to Test the candidate’s abilities to handle Precis Writing, Reading Comprehension, Sentence Structuring, Translation, Grammar and Vocabulary, etc.

1. Precis Writing (20 marks)

A careful selected passage with an orientation of generic understanding and enough flexibility for compression shall be given for précising and suggesting an appropriate title.

Out of the total 20 marks allocated to this question, 15 shall go to précising the text and 5 to suggesting the title.

2. Reading Comprehension (20 marks)

A carefully selected passage that is rich in substance but not very technical or discipline specific shall be given, followed by five questions, each carrying 4 marks.

3. Grammar and Vocabulary (20 marks)

Correct usage of Tense, Articles, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Punctuation, Phrasal Verbs, Synonyms and Antonyms etc.

4. Sentence Correction (10 marks)

The sentences shall be given each having a clear structural flaw in terms of grammar or punctuation.

The candidates shall be asked to rewrite them with really needed correction only, without making unnecessary alterations.

No two or more sentences should have exactly the same problem, and 2-3 sentences shall be based on correction of punctuation marks.

5. Grouping of Words (10 marks)

A random list of twenty words of moderate standard (neither very easy nor utterly unfamiliar) shall be given, to be grouped by the candidates in pairs of those having similar or opposite meaning, as may be clearly directed in the question.

6. Pairs of Words (10 marks)

Ten pairs shall be given of seemingly similar words with different meanings, generally confused in communication, for bringing out the difference in meaning of any five of them by first explaining them in parenthesis and then using them in sentences.

7. Translation (10 marks)

Ten short Urdu sentences involving structural composition, significant terms and figurative/idiomatic expressions shall be given, to be accurately translated into English.

SUGGESTED READINGS FOR CSS ENGLISH (PRECIS & COMPOSITION) PAPER

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PAPER:   GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY   (100 MARKS)

Part-I (General Science)   60 Marks

I. Physical Sciences

• • Constituents and Structure:-Universe, Galaxy, Light Year, Solar System, Sun, Earth, Astronomical System of Units.
  • Process of Nature: – Solar and Lunar Eclipses, Rotation and Revolution, Weather Variables (Global Temperature, Pressure, Circulation, Precipitation, Humidity) and Weather Variations.
  • Natural Hazards and Disasters: – Earth Quake, Volcanic Eruption, Tsunami, Floods, Avalanche, Travelling Cyclone (Tropical Cyclone, Middle Latitude Cyclone and Tornadoes), Drought, Wildfire, Urban Fire. Disaster Risk Management.
  • Energy Resources: – Sources of Energy (Renewable i.e. LED Energy, Solar Energy, Wind Energy and Non-Renewable Energy conservation and its sustainable use.
  • Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Electromagnetic Radiations.
  • Modern Materials/Chemicals: – Ceramics, Plastics, Semiconductors. Antibiotics, Vaccines, Fertilizers, Pesticides.

II. Biological Sciences

• • The Basis of Life: – Cell Structures and Functions (Subcellular Organelles such as Nucleus, Mitochondria and Ribosomes).
  • Biomolecules: – Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Enzymes.
  • Plant and Animal Kingdom: – A brief survey of plant and animal kingdom to pinpoint similarities and diversities in nature.
  • A Brief Account of Human Physiology.
  • Common Diseases and Epidemics: – Polio, Diarrhea, Malaria, Hepatitis, Dengue their Causes and Prevention.
  • New Model Concept of Producing BIO Fuel Method

III. Environmental Science

• • Environment: – The Atmosphere (Layered Structure and Composition), Hydrosphere (Water Cycle, Major Water Compartments), Biosphere (Major Biomes) and Lithosphere (Minerals and Rocks, Rock Types, Plate Tectonics).
  • Atmospheric Pollution: – Types, Sources, Causes and effects of major air pollutants (COx, Particulate Matter, NOx, SOx, Tropospheric Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds, Dioxins). Regional and Global air pollution issues (Acid-rain, Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming). International agreements on air pollution control (Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol).
  • Water Pollution:- Types, sources, causes and effects of major water pollutants (Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Oxygen Demanding Wastes, Plant Nutrients, Thermal Pollution, Infectious Agents, Sediments, Radioactivity, Heavy Metals and Acids). Drinking water quality and standards.
  • Land Pollution: – Solid waste management and disposal.
  • Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Science.
  • Population Planning.

IV. Food Science

• • Concept of Balance Diet: – Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats and oil, Minerals, Fiber.
  • Quality of Food:- Bioavailability of Nutrients, Appearance, Texture, Flavor, Quality of Packed and Frozen Food, Food Additives, Preservatives and Antioxidants
  • Food Deterioration and its Control: – Causes of Food Deterioration, Adulteration, Food Preservation.

V. Information Technology

• • Computer (Hardware & Software Fundamentals); I/O Processing and data storage, Networking & Internet Standards, Application and business Software, Social Media Websites. Information Systems. Fundamentals of artificial intelligence.
  • Telecommunications: – Basics of Wireless Communication (Mobile, Satellite, Surveillance and GPS and Fiber Optic etc.

Part-II (General Ability)   40 Marks

VI. Quantitative Ability/Reasoning

• • Basic Mathematical Skills.
  • Concepts and ability to reasons quantitatively and solve problems in a quantitative setting.
  • Basic Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry (Average, Ratios, Rates, Percentage, Angles, Triangles, Sets, Remainders, Equations, Symbols, Rounding of Numbers  Random Sampling

VII. Logical Reasoning and Analytical Reasoning/Ability

• • Logical Reasoning includes the process of using a rational, systematic series of steps based on sound mathematical procedures and given statements to arrive at a conclusion
  • Analytical Reasoning/Ability includes visualizing, articulating and solving both complex and uncomplicated problems and concepts and making decisions that are sensible based on available information, including demonstration of the ability to apply logical thinking to gathering and analyzing information.
  • Mental Abilities Scales that measures specific constructs such as verbal, mechanical, numerical and social ability.

SUGGESTED READINGS FOR CSS GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY PAPER

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PAPER:   CURRENT AFFAIRS   (100 MARKS)

Candidates will be expected to display such general knowledge of history, politics and International Affairs, as deemed necessary to interpret current affairs.

I. Pakistan’s Domestic Affairs (20 marks)

• • • Political
    • Economic
    • Social

II. Pakistan’s External Affairs (40 marks)

• • • Pakistan’s relations with its Neighbors (India, China, Afghanistan, Russia)
    • Pakistan’s relations with the Muslim World (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey)
    • Pakistan’s relations with the United States
    • Pakistan’s relations with Regional and International Organizations (UN, SAARC, ECO, OIC, WTO, GCC)

III. Global Issues (40 marks)

• • • International Security
    • International Political Economy
    • Human Rights
    • Environment: Global Warming, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord
    • Population: world population trends, world population policies
    • Terrorism and Counter Terrorism
    • Global Energy Politics
    • Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Security
    • Nuclear Politics in South Asia
    • International Trade (Doha Development Round and Bali Package)
    • Cooperation and Competition in Arabian Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
    • Millennium Development Goals, Current Status
    • Globalization
    • Middle East Crisis
    • Kashmir Issue
    • Palestine Issue

SUGGESTED READINGS FOR CSS CURRENT AFFAIRS PAPER

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PAPER:   PAKISTAN AFFAIRS   (100 MARKS)

1. Ideology of Pakistan—–definition and elucidation, historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-Continent, its downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements for reforms– Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other educational institutions——-Sindh Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawar. Ideology of Pakistan in the light of Speeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and Quaid- i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
2. Land and people of Pakistan——- Geography, Society, Natural resources, Agriculture, Industry and education with reference to characteristics, trends and problems.
3. Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus
4. Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security; International Concerns
5. Regional Cooperation Organizations (SAARC,ECO,SCO) and the Role of Pakistan
6. Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan
7. Economic Challenges in Pakistan
8. Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State Actors
9. Pakistan’s Role in the Region
10. The Palestine Issue
11. Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National Security of Pakistan
12. Political Evolution Since 1971
13. Pakistan and US War on Terror
14. Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
15. Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan
16. Ethnic Issues and National Integration
17. Hydro Politics ; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context
18. Pakistan’s National Interest
19. Challenges to Sovereignty
20. Pakistan’s Energy Problems and their Effects
21. Pakistan’s Relations with Neighbors excluding India
22. Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947
23. The Kashmir Issue
24. The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges to Pakistan in the Post 2014 era.
25. Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements
26. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy.
27. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts.
28. The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies to Deal with Them, Poverty, Education, Health and Sanitation.

SUGGESTED READINGS FOR CSS PAKISTAN AFFAIRS PAPER

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PAPER:     ISLAMIC STUDIES     (100 MARKS)

I. Introduction to Islam.

• • • Concept of Islam.
    • Importance of Din in Human Life.
    • Difference between Din and Religion.
    • Distinctive Aspects of Islam.
    • Islamic Beliefs & its Impact on Individual & Society and the Fundamental of Islam  Islamic Worships: Spiritual, Moral and Social Impact.

II. Study of Sirah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as Role Model for:

• • • Individual
    • Diplomat
    • Educator
    • Military Strategist
    • Peace Maker

III. Human Rights & Status of Woman in Islam.

• • • Human Rights and Status of Woman in Islam
    • Dignity of Men and Women

IV. Islamic Civilization and Culture:

• • • Meanings and the Vital Elements
    • Role of Civilization in Development of Human Personality and Community
    • Characteristics of Islamic Civilization (Tawhid, Self-purification, Dignity of Man, Equality, Social Justice, Moral Values, Tolerance, Rule of Law)

V. Islam and the World.

• • • Impact of Islamic Civilization on the West and Vice Versa
    • The Role of Islam in the Modern World.
    • Muslim World and the Contemporary Challenges.
    • Rise of Extremism.

VI. Public Administration and Governance in Islam

• • • Concept of Public Administration in Islam
    • Quranic Guidance on Good Governance
    • Concept of Governance and its Applications in the light of Qur’an, Sunnah and Fiqh.
    • Governance Structure in Islam (Shura, Legislation, Sources of Islamic Law)
    • Governance under Pious Khilafat
    • Particular letters of Hazrat Umar (R.A) and Hazrat Ali (R.A) to different Authority.
    • Responsibilities of Civil Servants
    • System of Accountability (hisbah) in Islam

VII. Islamic Code of Life.

• • • Salient Features of Islamic System, Social System, Political System, Economic System, Judicial System, Administrative System,  Procedure of Ijma and Ijtihad

REQUIRED READINGS FOR CSS ISLAMIC STUDIES PAPER

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PAPER:   COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MAJOR RELIGIONS   (100 MARKS)

(Alternative Paper in Lieu of the Compulsory Islamic Studies)

I. Introduction

• • • Definition(s) of religion
    • Emergence of the study of religion as a discipline
    • Theological and academic study of religion
    • An overview of religious landscape of the World

II. Hinduism

• • • Historical Background

Indus valley civilization, Aryan invasion theory, Vedic Dharma, Brahmanism

• • • Scriptures:

Sruti: Vedas, Upanishads, Smirti: Manu Smirti, Sutras, Puranas, Great epics: Ramayana, Mahabharata

• • • Hindu Doctrines:

Dharma, Vedanta, Karma, Transmigration of Souls, Moksha (Liberation)

• • • Ways to Liberation:

Karma marga (Works/Rituals), Jnana marga (Wisdom), Bhakti marga (Devotion)

• • • Hindu gods:

Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Trimurti, other gods and divinities

• • • Major Hindu Sects:

Vaishavism (Manifestation avatars), Saivism (Supreme God & Phallic worship), Saktism (Goddess worship)

• • • Hindu society:

Caste System, Ashramas (Stages of life)

• • • Hinduism in the Modern World

19^th century reform and revival movements, Contemporary Hindu Tendencies and movements

III. Buddhism

• • Historical Background

Life of Gautama Buddha, Formation and spread of Buddhism, Rivalry between Brahmanism and &Buddhism

• • Scriptures:

Tripitaka: Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka

• • Teachings and Doctrines

Three Jewels of Buddhism: Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha, The four noble truths, Eight fold Path

• • Buddhist Sects:

Theravadas (Hinayana), Mahayana, other schools and sects

• • Buddhism in the Modern world

IV. Judaism

• • A brief history of Jews and Judaism:

From Abraham to Moses, peace be upon them all, From Moses to establishment of Jewish rule, Destruction of Jerusalem and dispersion of Jews in the world.

• • Jewish Scriptures:

Tanakh (The Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings), Mishnah and Talmud

• • Articles of faith and basic teachings:

Ten Commandments, The thirteen principles of faith propounded by Moses Maimonides (1138-1204)

• • Jewish holidays and festivals:

Yom Kippur (The Day of Atonement), Pesach (Passover), Sukkot (Tabernacles) Purim

• • Jewish Worship:

Daily prayer, fasting, Sabbath

• • Jewish sects and movements

Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, Zionism, Kabbalah, Hasidism

V. Christianity

• • Historical background:

Jewish background of Christianity, Life and of Jesus Christ (Through the Four Gospels), Life and the role of Paul (Through the Letters of Paul), Formation and spread of the Christian Church, Christianization of the Roman Empire, Reform movement

• • Scriptures:

The Holy Bible (Old Testament and New Testament) § Basic Doctrines:

Original Sin, Incarnation of God, Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, Atonement, Trinity

• • Christian Sects:

Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism

Sub-denominations: Lutherans, Reformed and Presbyterians, Anglicans, Baptists, Methodists, Unitarians

• • Christian Festivals and Holidays:

Advent, Christmas, Easter, Pentecost

• • Christian worship and Sacraments

Baptism, Eucharist, Communion, Lord’s Supper, prayer, fasting, psalms, music.

• • Christianity in the Modern Times

Encounter with modernity, modern theological trends, Missionary movement, Dialogue and relationship with other religions

VI. Islam

• • Introduction and Historical Background

Islamic concept of religion, universality of religion and diversity of shari‘ahs, Sirah (Life) of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, The era of rightly guided caliphs of Islam

• • Sacred Scriptures:

The Holy Quran, Hadith

• • Basic Doctrines and Creed:

Tawhid (Oneness of God), Risalah (Belief in Prophets and finality of the prophet-hood with the Prophet Muhammad), Akhirah (Belief in Hereafter and the final reckoning by Allah the Almighty), Belief in angels, previous scriptures, predestination and human responsibility before God, infallibility of the Quran.

• • Five Pillars of Islam:

Utterance of Shahadatayn (To proclaim the Oneness of Allah and that Prophet Muhammad is his messenger, salah (five daily prayers), zakah (compulsory charity), sawm (fasting in the month of Ramadan) and Hajj  (pilgrimage to Makkah who can afford travelling to it).

• • Other Teachings of Islam

Equality of mankind, simplicity, spiritual purity and bodily hygiene, patience, contentment, moderation, social justice, Jihad, tolerance towards other religions.

• • Sects and Schools

Sunnis (mainstream Muslims), Shi‘ahs (Special devotion for Hazrat Ali and Family of the Prophet), Khawarij (literalists), Mu‘tazilah (rationalists).

• • Contemporary Islamic movements and tendencies:

Ikwan al Muslimun (Muslim Brotherhood), Jama‘at-i-Islami, Tablighi Jama‘at, Salafi movement, Fethullah Gulen movement in Turkey, Iranian revolution, extremist groups.

SUGGESTED READINGS FOR CSS MAJOR RELIGION PAPER

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PAPER:  ACCOUNTANCY & AUDITING  (200 MARKS)

Paper-I (MARKS-100)

(A)       Financial Accounting (50 Marks)

I. Fundamental Accounting Principles, Concepts, Assumptions and Conventions:

Nature and Scope of Accounting, Accrual/Matching Concept, Consistency of Presentation and Comparability, True and Fair View, Neutrality, Materiality, Prudence, Completeness, Understandability and Usefulness, Going Concern, and Substance over Form.

II. Accounting Cycle/Process and Financial Statements:

Transactions and/or Events, General Journal, General Ledger, Trial Balance (Unadjusted),Adjusting Entries and Adjusted Trial Balance, Work Sheet, Financial Statements including Income Statement, Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet), Statement of Cash Flows and Statement of Changes in Equity in accordance with the Financial Reporting Framework as specified by International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) through IFRSs/IASs, and by Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan through Companies Ordinance 1984, and Closing and Reversing Entries.

III. Attributes, and Significance of Accounting Information:

Attributes of Accounting Information, Information/Reporting Requirements of various Users/Stakeholders of Financial Statements including External (Investors/Shareholders, Creditors, Suppliers, Lenders/Financiers, Government Agencies etc.) and Internal (Board of Directors, Partners, Managers, Employees etc.) Stakeholders.

IV. Accounting for common Legal Forms of a Business:

Accounting Principles and Financial Statements of Sole-proprietorships, Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies including Banking Companies (Excluding Advanced Topics like Amalgamation, Capital Reduction, Consolidation etc.)

V. Accounting for Associations Not-for-profit, and for Public Sector:

Accounting Principles and Financial Statements – of Associations Not-for-profit, and – of Public Sector Entities as per Standardized Financial Reporting Framework provided by International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) Board and Practices being followed in the country.

VI. Accounting for Non-current Tangible Assets:

Fundamental Concepts and Principles concerning Non-current Assets: Cost; Depreciable Amount; Depreciation; Fair Value; Property, Plant and Equipment; Residual Value; and Useful Life. Depreciation Methods and their Application (as specified by International Accounting Standards Board):Straight-line Method; Reducing Balance Method; Number of Units Produced and basic know-how of other Methods/Techniques being commonly used by the Industry.

VII. Fundamental and Technical Analysis of various Forms of Organizations:

Financial Statements’ Analysis including both Horizontal (Measuring Change) and Vertical (Ratio) Analysis including Liquidity Ratios, Activity Ratios, Debt Ratios, Profitability Ratios and Market Ratios; Technical and Industry Analysis.

(B)      Cost and Managerial Accounting (50 Marks)

VIII. Fundamental Cost Accounting Principles and Concepts:

Nature and Scope of Cost and Managerial Accounting; Cost Concepts, Elements and Classification; Underlying Differences among Financial, Cost, and Management Accounting.

IX. Accounting for Material, Labour and Factory Overheads (FOH):

Recognition and Valuation Principles for Material Inventory, and Methods to control Material Inventory; Calculation/Measurement and Accounting for Payroll for all forms of Labour, Time Rate and Piece Rate Systems; Commonly used Group Incentive Schemes; Factory Overhead Costs and FOH Rate, Departmentalization of FOH Costs, their Allocation, Apportionment and Reapportionment (Primary and Secondary Distributions), Methods for Secondary Distribution including both Repeated Apportionment/Distribution and Algebraic Method.

X. Costing for Specific Jobs, and Process Costing:

Nature of a Specific Job, and Job-order Costing; Process Flow and Process Costing by the use of Cost of Production Report (CPR).

XI. Management Accounting for Planning, Decision-making and Control:

Budgeting and its Use: Meaning and Nature of a Budget; Major Forms of a Budget including Production and Sales Budget, Cash Budget, Flexible Budgets, Zero-based Budget, Master Budget etc.

Break-even Analysis: Difference between Marginal and Absorption Costing Techniques; Concept of Relevant Cost; Application and Use of Contribution Margin and other Concepts for Planning and Decision-making (under Break-even Analysis)

Variance Analysis: Meaning and Use of Standards and Variances; Major Classification of Variances including Material, Labour and FOH Variances, and their Computation.

Paper-II (MARKS-100)

(A) Auditing (40 Marks)

I. Fundamental Auditing Principles and Concepts:

Audit and Auditing, True and Fair View, Audit Assertions, Reasonable Assurance, Documentation and Audit Evidence, Audit Program, Audit Risks, Computer Information Systems (EDP Systems) and Computer-assisted Audit Techniques (CAAT), Inspection, Fraud, Going Concern, Audit Materiality, Misstatement, Governance and Premise, Tests of Control and Substantive Procedures.

II. Audit Considerations, Dimensions and Conduct:

Internal Control System and Internal Audit, Internal VS External Audit, Responsibility for Financial Statements, Audit Planning, Scope of an Audit, Objectives of an Audit, Inherent Limitations of an Audit, Risk Assessment and Management, Internal Audit and Corporate Governance, Classification of Audit, Qualities of an Auditor, Auditing in Computer Information Systems (EDP Systems) and Computer-assisted Audit Techniques, General Auditing Principles and Techniques commonly applicable to various Types of Undertakings including Merchandizing, Manufacturing, Banking, Insurance, Investment Entities etc., Audit Performance and Audit Completion.

III. Role and Responsibilities of an Auditor:

Auditor’s professional and legal Rights, Responsibilities & Duties, and Liabilities; Auditor’s Opinion and Report, and their classification (Types); – as specified under the Companies Ordinance 1984, and in the handbook of IFAC.

(B) Business Taxation (30 Marks)

IV. Tax Structure, and Fundamental Concepts vis-à-vis Income Tax in Pakistan:

Tax Structure in Pakistan; Fundamental Definitions/Terminologies defined under Section 2 of the Income Tax Ordinance 2001.

V. Income Tax and Sales Tax Principles, and their Application:

Selected Provisions from Income Tax – Income for Tax Purposes [Section 4, 9 & 10], Heads of Income [Section 11], Tax Payable on Taxable Income [First Schedule to the Ordinance], Salary Income and Taxation [Sections 12 to 14], Income from Property [Sections 15 & 16], Income from Business[Sections 18 to 20], Capital Gains[Sections 37 to38], Income from other sources[Section 39, 40, 101(6), 111],Tax Credits [Sections 61 to 65], Taxation of Individuals, AOPs and Companies [Sections 86, 92, 94], Due Date for Payment of Tax [Section 137], Deduction of Tax at Source/With-holding Tax [Sections 147, 149, 153, 155]and related Income Tax Rules 2002.

Selected Definitions and Provisions from Sales Tax –Scope of Tax [Section 3], Exempt supply [Section 2(11)], Goods [Section 2(12)], Input Tax [2(14)], Registered person [Section 2(25)], Supply [Section 2(33)], Tax [Section 2(34)], Retail Price and Retailer [Section 2(27)& 2(28)], Taxable Activity [Section 2(35)], Taxable Supply [Section 2(41)], Tax Fraction [Section 2(36)], Tax Period [Section 2(43)], Time of Supply [Section 2(44)], and Determination of Tax Liability [Section 7].

(C) Business Studies, and Finance (30 Marks)

VI. Business Studies:

Nature and Scope of a Business Entity, Contemporary Challenges posed to a Business; Common Legal Forms of a Business Entity – Soleproprietorship, Partnership, Joint Stock Company, their Features, Formation and Management; Business Combinations and their Scope; Business Cycle and its Implications; Role of Information Technology in Business.

VII. Finance:

Meaning, Nature and Scope of Finance, and Financial Management; Common Modes (Types) of Business Finance – Short-, Medium-, and Long-term Financing; Nature and Scope of Financial Markets and Institutions; Features and Classification of Financial Markets; Financial Management Techniques for Decision making: Time Value of Money, Cost of Capital and Capital Budgeting Techniques.

SUGGESTED READINGS FOR CSS ACCOUNTANCY & AUDITING PAPER

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PAPER:   AGRICULTURE & FORESTRY   (100 MARKS)

Part-I: Agriculture (50 marks)

Concept of Integrated Agriculture:

Components of natural resources as bases for agriculture production (Land, Water, biological, Environmental, Solar, Energy)

Challenges in Pakistan’s Agriculture:

Present scenario and future prospects. Analytical overview: issues and strategies for improvement of crop management, livestock management, fisheries, cottage industry, resource management and rural development. Institutions and policies: issues and options.

Elements of Climate and their Relationship with Crop Growth:

Farming Systems, biological nitrogen fixation, soil profile, structure and texture, soil fertility, soil erosion and conservation, water logging and salinity.

Genetic Improvement for Crop Production:

GMO crops, Seed production technology.

Horticulture:

Floriculture, landscaping, pests and diseases of agriculture crops and their control, integrated pest management.

Rainfed and Irrigated Agriculture:

Agriculture mechanization, land tenure and land reforms, role of agriculture in national economy.

Part-II Forestry = (50 Marks)

1. Forest, rangelands and wildlife importance and significance
2. Forest management and utilization, wood based industries in Pakistan, silviculture
3. Range management and utilization
4. National and international forest wealth statistics
5. Role of wildlife as value addition to forestry
6. Forest based wildlife resources of Pakistan and their management, eco-tourism
7. Forestry, agroforestry, social forestry and forest biometrics
8. Socio-economic and ecological impact of man made forests
9. Watershed Management and role of forests in prevailing climate change dilemma
10. National forest laws and policies at national level, biodiversity & environment

SUGGESTED READINGS FOR CSS AGRICULTURE & FORESTY PAPER

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PAPER:      ANTHROPOLOGY      (100 MARKS)

I. Anthropology

• • Definition of anthropology, its historical development and recent trends Social Anthropology
  • Definition of culture, its characteristics and functions
  • Relationship of anthropology with other social sciences
  • Sub fields of anthropology:
    1. Biological Anthropology,
    2. Archaeology,
    3. Linguistic Anthropology
    4. Socio-Cultural Anthropology

• • Institution of Family and Marriage

(Definitions, types, structures, functions, family organization)

• • Kinship and Social Organization

(Definitions, types, functions, kinship terminology etc)

• • Economic Organization:

(Definitions, evolution, substantivism versus formalism, reciprocity, production, consumption, distribution, barter and primitive economic systems)

• • Political Organization:

(Definitions, evolution of political system, characteristics of (band, tribal, chiefdom and state societies), theories of the origin of state societies (internal conflict theories, external conflict theories, population and irrigation theories, institutionalization of leadership and the emergence of state, system theories), origin of civilization, the politics of identity, ethnicity and ethnic relations, nationalism, modernism, post-modernism etc.

• • Religion:

(Definitions, evolution of primitive religions, functions of religion, comparison of devine religions and other world religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism etc)

• • Contemporary Human Problems:

Poverty, social inequality, political instability, population problems, ethnic violence and terrorism etc.

II. Urban Anthropology

Rural-urban migration, expansion of cities, major environmental issues, sanitation problems, urbanization and development, establishment of slums and squatter settlements, refugees, yankees, betties, gypsies, wars and conflict, conversion of power from feudal to industrialists, institutionalization, education system, and change in the mode of production   (agriculture to capitalists), poverty (theories and remedies), management of city life (psychological, cultural, economic, political, religious, physical, environmental, ecological, demographical, lingual etc.), Karl Marx and conflict theory, problems created by the mechanization and automation.

III. Socio-Cultural Change

Definitions, difference between social and cultural change, various dimension of cultural change, barriers to cultural change including (culture, psychological and political), internal dynamics for change, external dynamics for change, population incease and change, diffusion of innovations, socio-religious barriers in accepting the innovations and new ideas, media and cultural change, dynamics of change in Pakistan (Trends and prospects).

IV. Ethnicity and Race

Theories related to ethnicity and race, ethnicity and racism, nations and nationality, ethnic conflict, degree of social variation, rank societies, caste and class societies and social stratification etc.

V. Anthropological Theories

• Contributors: (Edward Burnett Taylor, Lewis Henry Morgan, James Frazer, Karl Marx, Edmund Leach, Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, Alfred L. Krobber,  Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski, Clifford Geertz, Talal Asad, Akbar S. Ahamd, Ibn Khaldun, Shah Walliullah)

• Classical Theories: (Degenerations, Evolutionism, Neo-Evolutionism, Diffusions)
• Modern Theories: (Functionalism, Structural-functionalism, Class struggle, Structuralism, Historical Particularism, Feminism, Culture and personality)
• Current Trends in Anthropological Thoughts: (Post Modernism, Romanticism, Poetics and Politics of Ethnography)

VI. Anthropological Research Methods

• Meaning, definition, types and aims of anthropological research
• Qualitative and Quantitative research
• Purpose of research, research question, variables, hypothesis, research objective(s), research design, sampling, field data collection, tools of data collection (questionnaire, interview, participant observation), data classification, data analysis, and reporting.

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PAPER:   APPLIED MATHEMATICS   (100 MARKS)

I. Vector Calculus (10%)

Vector algebra; scalar and vector products of vectors; gradient divergence and curl of a vector; line, surface and volume integrals; Green’s, Stokes’ and Gauss theorems.

II. Statics (10%)

Composition and resolution of forces; parallel forces and couples; equilibrium of a system of coplanar forces; centre of mass of a system of particles and rigid bodies; equilibrium of forces in three dimensions.

III. Dynamics (10%)

• • Motion in a straight line with constant and variable acceleration; simple harmonic motion; conservative forces and principles of energy.
  • Tangential, normal, radial and transverse components of velocity and acceleration; motion under central forces; planetary orbits; Kepler laws;

IV. Ordinary differential equations (20%)

• • Equations of first order; separable equations, exact equations; first order linear equations; orthogonal trajectories; nonlinear equations reducible to linear equations, Bernoulli and Riccati equations.
  • Equations with constant coefficients; homogeneous and inhomogeneous equations; Cauchy-Euler equations; variation of parameters.
  • Ordinary and singular points of a differential equation; solution in series; Bessel and Legendre equations; properties of the Bessel functions and Legendre polynomials.

V. Fourier series and partial differential equations (20%)

• • Trigonometric Fourier series; sine and cosine series; Bessel inequality; summation of infinite series; convergence of the Fourier series.
  • Partial differential equations of first order; classification of partial differential equations of second order; boundary value problems; solution by the method of separation of variables; problems associated with Laplace equation, wave equation and the heat equation in Cartesian coordinates.

VI. Numerical Methods (30%)

• • Solution of nonlinear equations by bisection, secant and Newton-Raphson methods; the fixed- point iterative method; order of convergence of a method.
  • Solution of a system of linear equations; diagonally dominant systems; the Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel methods.
  • Numerical differentiation and integration; trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rules, Gaussian integration formulas.
  • Numerical solution of an ordinary differential equation; Euler and modified Euler methods; Runge- Kutta methods.

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PAPER:     ARABIC     (100 MARKS)

A. Pre-Islamic period (العصر الجاھلي)

1. Influence of poets and poetry in Jahiliia

(أثر الشعر و الشعرآء في العصر الجاھلي)

2. Literary markets in pre-Islamic ArabsespeciallyUkkaz (أسواق الأدب في العصر الجاھلي خاصة سوق عكاظ)
3. Purposes and features of pre- Islamic poetry special reference to Mu’allaqat.

(أغراض الشعر الجاھلي و مزایاه مع التركیز على المعلقات)

B. Dawn of Islam (عصر صدر الإسلام)

1. Eloquence and Rhetoric of Holy Quran with examples from Quranic verses.

(فصاحة القرآن و بلاغتھ مع الأمثلة من القرآن الكریم)

2. Impact of Quran and Hadith on the subsequent literature.

(أثر القرآن و الحدیث في الأدب العربي)

3. Poetry at the Dawn of Islam (الشعر في عصر صدر الإسلام)

C. Umayyad Period (العصر الأموي)

1. Art of Flyting (فن النقائض)
2. Erotic and platonic ghazal (الغزل الصریح والغزل العذري)

D. Abbasid and Spanish Period ( العصر العباس والأندلسي)

1. Purposes and features of Abbasid poetry with special emphasis on the poetry of Mutanabbi, Abu Tammam, Abu Nuwas, AbulAtahia

(أغراض الشعر العباسي و میزاتھ مع التركیز على شعر المتنبي و أبي تمام و أبي نواس وأبي العتاھیة)

2. Prose and its different styles with special emphasis on style of IbnulAmeed, IbnulMuqaffa, Al-Jahiz and Al-Qazi al Fazil.

(النثر و أسالیبھ المختلفة خاصة  أسلوب ابن العمید و ابن المقفع والجاحظ و القاضي الفاضل)

3. Spanish poetry, with special reference to poetry of Ibn e Zaidoon

(الشعر الأندلسي خاصة  شعر ابن زیدون)

E. Contemporary Arabic literature (الأدب العربي المعاصر)

1. Development of Drama with special focus on services of Toufeeq al Hakeem

(تطور المسرحیة مع التركیز على أعمال توفیق الحكیم)

2. Development of Novel with special reference to the novels of Taha Husain and

(تطور الروایة مع التركیز على روایات طھ حسین و نجیب محفوظNageebMahfooz  (

3. Development of short story with special focus on short stories of MahmoodTaimoor

(تطور القصة القصیرة مع نموذج من القصص القصیرة عند محمود تیمور)

4. Poetry with special focus on poetry of Ahmad Shouqi and Hafiz Ibraheem

(خصائص الشعر مع التركیز على شعر أحمد شوقي و حافظ إبراھیم)

F. Common Topics of different periods

1. Criticism from pre-Islamic era to the 4th Islamic Century

(النقد في الأدب العربي: من العصر الجاھلي إلى القرن الرابع الھجري)

2. Art of Oratory from pre-Islamic era to Umayyad period

(الخطابة: من العصر الجاھلي إلى العصر الأموي)

3. Development of Arabic literature in the Sub-Continent: (Ghulam Ali Azad in poetry and Shah WaliUllah in prose)

(تطور الأدب العربي في شبھ القارة الھندیة: غلام علي آزاد في الشعر و شاه ولي اﷲ في النثر) 

G. Poetry for Arabic paper

1. Verses from ode of ImraulQais (1-10) من :(قفانبكمنذكرىحبیبومنزل…إلى :  ولاسیمایومبدارةجلجل)

2. Verses fromQaseedah of Zuhair bin AbiSulma (50-62).

من: (ومن لا یصانع في أمور كثیرة…إلى: فلم یبق إلا صورة اللحم والدم)

3. Verses from poetry of Hassan bin Thabit (14-28)

(من: (فإماتعرضواعنااعتمرنا…إلى: لعرضمحمدمنكموقآء

4. Verses from poetry of Ka’b bin Zuhair (33-40)

(.من: یَسعىالوُشاةُبِجَنبََیھاوقَوُلُھ… إلى:أرىوَأسمعُمالویَسمعالفیلُ)

5. Verses from poetry of Hafiz Ibrahim (1-10)

من(:رَجَعتُلِنَفسیفَاِِتھَمتُحََصاتي…إلى: فَیالَیتَكمتَأتونَبِالكَلِماتِ)

6. Verses from ode of Ahmad Shouqi(1-10)

من: (وُلِدَالھُدىفَالكائِناتُضِیاءُ…إلى:دونَالأَنامِوَأَحرَزََتحَوّاء)

7. Verses from Qaseedah of Imam Al Booseri (15-24)

من: (مَنْلِیبَِرَدِّ جِماحٍمِنْغَوایَِتِھا…إلى: فأَنْتَتَعْرِفُكَیْدَالخَصْمِوالحكَم)

H. Arabic Grammar(قواعد العربیة)

1. Syntax (النحو) :Kinds of Sentence (Nominal and Verbal), kinds of Noun (“Proper and Common”, “Masculine and Feminine”, “Singular, Dual and Plural”, “Mu’rab and Mabni”), Case-Ending.

(أقسام الجملة: الفعلیة و الإسمیة– أقسام الإسم: “المعرفة و النكرة”, “المؤنث و المذكر”

 “المفرد والتثنیة و الجمع”, “المعرب والمبني—الإعراب)

2. Morphology (الصرف) :Etymology (roots), Mujarrad, Mazeed-feeh, Transitive and Intransitiveverb, Active and passive voice.

(الإشتقاق– المجرد والمزید فیھ–الفعل اللازم و المتعدي—الفعل المبني المعلوم و المبني المجھول )

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PAPER:       BALOCHI       (100 MARKS)

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PAPER:        BOTANY        (100 MARKS)

I. Algae, Fungi and Bryophytes

• • Phycology: Distribution, Classification, Structure, Life History and Economic importance of the main groups of Algae.
  • Mycology and Plant Pathology: Structure, Reproduction, Classification and Economic importance of the main groups of Fungi. Diseases of economically important crops and general principles of their control
  • Bryology: Structure and reproduction of bryophytes, Evolution of Gametophyte and Sporophyte.

II. Peteridophyta and Gymnosperms

• • General account with special reference to structure, life history and affinities of both Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Ontogeny and structure of seed, classification and economic importance of Gymnosperms.

III. Anatomy and Embryology

• • Primary and secondary tissues. Meristems. Secondary growth in dicot stem. Anatomy of leaf, stem and root.
  • Micro and megasporogenesis, pollination mechanism, fertilization, development of Embryo and Endosperm, Seed dispersal.

IV. Taxonomy of Angiosperms

• • Systems of classification. Rules of botanical nomenclature. Concepts of speciation. Introduction to modern trends in plant taxonomy: bio-systematic, chemotaxonomy and numerical taxonomy. General characters and economic importance of common angiosperm families.

V. Plant Physiology

• • Plant water relations, Osmotic Quantities, component potentials of water and their role in transport, water absorption by roots, transpiration. Role of essential mineral elements and their uptake. Plant hormones. Photoperiodism, Vernalization. Dormancy and Seed germination.Enzymes.
  • Photosynthesis: Plant pigments, Light reaction, CO2 fixation, Mechanism of photophosphorylation.
  • Respiration: Glycolysis, Kreb cycle, Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.

VI. Ecology

• • Influence of climatic, edaphic and biotic factors on plant growth. Vegetation sampling techniques. Concepts of ecosystems and their productivity, ecological energetics, Pyramids (of numbers, biomass and energy), trophic levels, food chains and food webs. Biogeochemical cycles (Hydrological and Nitrogen). Succession.
  • Causes and reclamation of soil salinity and water logging in Pakistan. Soil erosion, its control and soil conservation methods. Biodiversity conservation. Pollution.

VII. Cytology

• • Cell cycle, cellular morphology, chemistry of cell wall and cell membrane, cell to cell communication, plant tissue and cell culture, cell senescence and cell death.
  • Ultra-structure of various cell organelles: Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic reticulum, Plastids, Ribosomes, Glyoxysomes, Vaculoes, Nucleus.

VIII. Genetics

• • Mendelian Genetics, Multiple Alleles, Polygenic inheritance, Gene interaction, Epistasis and pleiotropy, Sex-linked inheritance, Chromosomal aberrations, Mutations, DNA repair.

IX. Evolution

• • Introduction of Evolution, Evolutionary history, Evolution of life, Convergent Evolution, Divergent Evolution, Parallel Evolution and Natural selection.

X. Molecular Biology

• • Nucleic acids, DNA as hereditary material, DNA replication, Transcription, Genetic code, Protein synthesis, Genetic engineering and its application, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).

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PAPER:    BRITISH HISTORY    (100 MARKS)

Part –I (Marks 50)

I. The Glorious Revolution (1688)

• • Causes, and Results
  • William III and Mary II (1689-1702)
  • Queen Anne (1702-1714)

II. Hanoverian Era (1714-1790)

• • Jacobite Rebellions (1715 and 1745)
  • Robert Walpole and Whig Oligarchy
  • American War of Independence (1776)

III. The Union of England and Scotland
IV. Union of England and Ireland
V. The Old Colonial system
VI. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars

• • Causes
  • Britain and Napoleonic Wars
  • Impact on Britain

VII. Industrial and Agricultural Revolution

• • Causes
  • Effects on Political and Social Life of Britain
  • Party Politics
  • The Methodist Movement
  • Socialism
  • Liberalism
  • Colonization
  • Chartest Movement

VIII. Robert Peel and return of Torries

• • Internal policies
  • Irish Problem

IX. Victorian Era (1837-1901)

• • Internal Reforms
  • Liberals
  • Foreign Policy
  • Disraeli, Gladstone and Problems in Ireland
  • Great Britain and Free Trade

X. Edwardian Era (1901-1910)

• • Domestic and Foreign Policies (1901-1910)
  • The Origins of Labor Party

XI. Britain, World War I and its Aftermath

• • Causes
  • Britain and Peace settlement
  • Effects of War on Britain
  • League of Nations
  • The Great Depression
  • Appeasement and Rearmament

Part –II (Marks 50)

XII. Britain, World War II and its Aftermath

• • Causes and events
  • Churchill, War Conferences
  • Creation of U.N.O
  • Effects of war
  • Reforms of Labour Government

XIII. Great Britain and Cold War

• • Creation of Common Wealth
  • NATO
  • Decolonization of the British Empire
  • Internal Policies and EEC
  • Foreign Policy

XIV. Thatcherism to Cameron (1979-2012)

• • Internal Policy
  • Society and culture
  • Foreign Policy
  • Falkland War
  • John Major and his Policies
  • European Common Market and the Great Britain
  • Formation of EU
  • Tony Blair “New Labour” Economic Crunch, War on Terror and his Policies
  • Global Financial Crisis 2008 and the Great Britain
  • Reforms under Cameroun

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PAPER:    BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION    (100 MARKS)

I. Management

• Defining Organization, Management, and Management in Organizations
• Four Management Functions, Management Roles, Management Skills
• Organizational Internal-External Environment
• Management Planning, Goal Setting, and Decision Making
• Strategic Management Process: Strategy Formulation and Implementation
• Developing Organizational Structure and Design
• Designing Adaptive Organizations
• Managing Change and Innovation
• Leadership and Motivation

II. HR Management

• Role of Human Resource Management in Organizational Performance
• Functions of HRM
• Process and Methods of Job Analysis
• Planning and Forecasting Personnel Needs
• Recruitment and Selection
• Training and Development
• Performance Management and Appraisal: Methods and Processes
• Establishing Strategic Pay Plans
• Compensation and Benefits
• Ethics, Justice, and Fair Treatment in HR Management
• Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining

III. Financial Management

• An overview of Financial Management

Introduction and significance of financial markets, Differentiation between real assets and financial assets, Types of Financial Markets, Role of capital and money markets in economic development, Organizational goals and shareholder wealth maximization perspective.

• Time Value of Money

Cost of money and the factors effecting the cost, Interest rate fundamentals and determinants of market interest rate, Role of Time value of money in finance, Concept of future value and present value, Making timelines, Annuities, Perpetuities and mixed stream of cash flows, with and without growth, Present value and future value of cash flow streams, Compounding Interest; discrete and continuous, Loan amortization.

• Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statements

Reading the financial statements, Horizontal and vertical analysis including common size, ratio, comparative and index number trend analysis, Forecasting financials for future decision making, Evaluating credit, management, profitability, risk etc using financial statements

• Risk, Return and Introduction to Pricing

Measures of Risks and return, Investment return and expected rate of return, Standalone risk: standard deviation and coefficient of variation, Risk aversion and required rate of return, Portfolio risk: Diversifiable vs. Market risk, Security Market Line and CAPM, Calculating WACC, Discounting process for price determination, Relevant risk and return for valuation

• Cash flow and Budgeting

Significance of budgeting, Making cash budgets, Making financial forecasts, Difference between profit and cash flow, Read and analyze Statement of Cash flow.

• Capital Budgeting

Significance of Capital budgeting, Cash flow calculations: incremental cash flows, Capital budgeting decision rules: NPV, IRR, MIRR, Return, Finding optimal capital structure, calculating appropriate discount rate, Capital Rationing.

IV. Operations and Supply Chain Management

a. Operations Management

• • Operations & Productivity

Operations Management (OM) as one of the Three Core Functions in an Organization. Significance and contributions of OM in the field of management. Future trends in OM and differences between goods and services.

• • Operations Strategy in Global Environment

Developing mission & OM strategies, Critical Success Factors (CSF), Aligning Core Competencies with CSF

• • Process Strategy

Four Process Strategies, Process Analysis and Design, Process Mapping, Flow Diagrams, Process Charts, Service process design, Process Re-engineering

• • Capacity Planning

Design & Effective Capacity, Capacity Cushion, Capacity considerations, Managing demand, Capacity Planning, Leading vs Lagging Strategies, Single & Multiple Product Break Even Analysis for Capacity Planning

• • Location Strategies

Factors Affecting Location Decisions, Methods for Evaluating Location Alternatives, Factor Rating Method, Load-Distance Methods, Center of Gravity Method, Service location Strategy

• • Layout Strategies

Types of Layout, Layout Design, Fixed Position Layout, Process- Oriented Layouts, Office Layout, Retail Layout, Assembly Line Balancing

• • Inventory Management

Role of Inventory in Operations, ABC analysis, Record accuracy, Cycle counting, Inventory Models, Fixed Period Systems, Continuous Review Systems, Basic EOQ Inventory Model, Safety Stock, Service Level

b. Supply Chain Management

• • Introduction to supply chain management and logistics management

What is supply chain management and logistics management, Objectives, Importance, Examples of supply chain management and logistics management, Decision phases in supply chains

• • Supply chain performance

Achieving strategic fit, Challenges in achieving strategic fit, Supply chain cost, Supply chain quality, Supply chain lead time

• • Supply chain drivers

Facilities as a driver, Inventory as a driver, Information as a driver, Transportation as a driver, Sourcing as a driver, Pricing as a driver

• • Balancing supply and demand

Bullwhip effect, Demand collaboration, Information sharing in supply chains, accurate response strategy

• • Supply chain coordination

Obstacles in coordination, Vendor managed inventory, Collaborative planning forecasting and replenishment, Managerial levers to achieve coordination

• • IT in supply chain management

Role of IT in supply chain management, Customer relationship management, Supplier relationship management, Risk management in IT, Supply chain IT in practice

V. Marketing

• Introduction to marketing
• Developing marketing strategies and plans
• Scanning the marketing environment
• Analyzing consumer markets
• Market segmentation
• Managing marketing information
• Branding
• Product life cycle
• Pricing
• Managing distribution channels
• Integrated marketing communications

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PAPER:     CHEMISTRY     (200 MARKS)

Paper-I (100 Marks)

I. Atomic Structure and Quantum Chemistry

Electromagnetic spectrum, photoelectric effect, Bohr’s atomic model, wave and particle nature of light matter, de Broglie’s equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, wave functions and Born interpretation of wave functions, probability density, Eigen functions and Eigen values, Hamiltonian operator, Schrödinger wave equation and its solution for particle in one and three dimensional box.

II. Electrochemistry

Ions in solution, measurement of conductance and Kohlrausch’s law, mobility of ions and transport number, conductometric titrations, Debye-Hückel theory and activity coefficient, determination of activities, Redox reactions, spontaneous reactions, electrochemical cells, standard electrode potentials, liquid junction potential, electrochemical series, Nernst’s equation, measurement of pH, electrolytic cells, potentiometry, reference and indicator electrodes, fuel cells, corrosion and its prevention.

III. Thermodynamics

Equation of states, ideal and real gases, the Van der Waals equation for real gases, critical phenomena and critical constants, four laws of thermodynamics and their applications, thermochemistry, calorimetry, heat capacities and their dependence on temperature, pressure and volume, reversible and non-reversible processes, spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, Hess’s law, The Born-Haber cycle, relations of entropy and Gibbs free energy with equilibrium constant, Gibbs Helmholtz equation, fugacity and activity.

IV. Chemical Kinetics

The rate and molecularity of reactions, Factors affecting rate of a chemical reaction,  zero, first, second and third order reactions with same initial concentrations, halflives of reactions, experimental techniques for determination of order of reaction (integration, half-life, initial rate and graphical methods), collision theory, transition state theory,  Arrhenius equation and rate equations of complex reactions.

V. Surface Chemistry and Catalysis

Properties of liquids, physical and chemical properties of surface, determination of surface area. Adsorption and absorption; physical adsorption and chemisorption, adsorption isotherms, Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Freundlich Adsorption isotherm.  Colloids; properties, classification and preparation of colloidal systems.  Surfactants, Phase rule; Gibbs equation of phase rule, one component systems, two component systems and their examples, Catalysis; homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid-base and enzyme catalysis.

VI. Fundamentals of Chemometrics

Sampling, significant figures, stoichiometric calculations, measurement errors, analysis of variance (ANOVA), arithmetic mean, median, mode, standard deviation/relative standard deviation, confidence limits, Gaussian distribution, least square method, Statistical tests.

VII. Separation Methods

Solvent extraction; theory of solvent extraction; solvent extraction of metals, analytical separations, multiple batch extraction and counter current distribution.

Chromatography; theory of chromatography, classification and overview of chromatographic techniques (paper, thin layer, column and ion exchange chromatographies). Principle of electrophoresis and its application as separation and characterization of proteins.

VIII. Basic Inorganic Chemistry

Types of chemical bonding, ionic and covalent bonding, localized bond approach, theories of chemical bonding, valance bond theory (VBT), hybridization and resonance, prediction of molecular shapes using valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model, Molecular orbital theory (MOT) applied to diatomic molecules, delocalized approach to bonding, bonding in electron deficient compounds, hydrogen bonding, Physical and chemical properties of p-block elements with emphasis on oxygen, carbon, chlorine, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus and some of their representative compounds.

IX. Acids and Bases

Brief concepts of chemical equilibrium, acid–base theories including soft and hard acid and base (SHAB) concept, relative strength of acids and bases, significance of pH, pK_a, pK_b and buffer solutions. Theory of indicators, solubility, solubility product, common ion effect and their industrial applications.

X. Chemistry of d and f-block elements

General characteristics of d-block elements, historical back ground of coordination chemistry, nomenclature and structure of coordination complexes with coordination number 2-10, Chelates and chelate effect. Theories of coordination complexes; Werner’s theory, Valence bond theory (VBT), Crystal field theory (CFT) and Molecular orbital theory (MOT). Jahn-Teller theorem, magnetic properties, spectral properties, isomerism, stereochemistry and stability constants of coordination complexes.

General characteristics of Lanthanides, occurrence, extraction and general principles of separation, electronic structure and position in the periodic table, lanthanide contraction, oxidation states, spectral and magnetic properties and uses. General characteristics of actinides, electronic structure, oxidation state and position in the periodic table, half-life and decay law.

Paper-II (100 Marks)

I. Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Bonding and orbital hybridization, Localized and delocalized bonding, Inductive effect, Dipole moment, Resonance, Hyperconjugation

II. Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Nomenclature, Physical properties, Preparation and reactions of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

III. Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds

Benzene structure, Aromaticity, Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction, Activating and deactivating substituents, Effect of substituents on orientation and reactivity.

IV. Chemistry of Functional Groups

Preparation and properties of alcohols, phenols, ethers, and amines with focus on reaction mechanism and applications. Preparation and reactions of alkyl halides.  Synthetic applications of Grignard reagent. Carbonyl compounds, preparations and reaction mechanism of aldehydes and ketones and their applications. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives, acidity of carboxylic acids and effect of substituents on their acidity, preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives including acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters and amides.

V. Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions

Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions. Elimination reactions, Zaitsev rule and Hofmann rule. Competition between Substitution and elimination reactions.

VI. Stereochemistry

Molecular chirality. Types of stereoisomers. R,S configuration and E,Z designation. Optical activity, Stereoselectivity and stereospecificity. Resolution of racemic mixtures.

VII. Organic Spectroscopy

Theory, Principle, instrumentation and applications of UV/Visible, ¹H NMR, IR spectroscopy and Mass spectroscopic techniques.

VIII. Biomolecules

Carbohydrates; Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, biological functions of starch, glycogen, cellulose, and cell wall polysaccharides.

Lipids; Classification and biological importance of lipids. Significance of lipids in biological membranes and transport mechanism.

Amino Acids; Classification of amino acids. Physical and chemical properties of amino acids. Biological significance.

Proteins; Classification. Properties and biological significance. Primary, secondary tertiary and quaternary structures.

Nucleic Acids; Chemical composition of nucleic acids. Structure and biological significance of nucleic acids.

Enzymes; Enzyme-substrate interactions and nature of active site, mechanism of enzyme action, kinetics of single substrate reactions, enzyme inhibition, regulatory enzymes and allosteric enzymes.

IX. Metabolism

Digestion; absorption and transport of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Glycolysis; citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and photosynthesis.

Biosynthesis of triglycerides, phosphides, steroids and bile acids and ketone bodies.

Biochemical reaction of amino acids: decarboxylation, deamination, transamination and transmethylation, etc., urea cycle, creatine and uric acid synthesis.

Catabolism of nucleosides, DNA polymerases and other enzymes involves in metabolism.

X. Chemical Industries

Manufacturing and processing of sugar, cement, glass, paper, fertilizers, soap and detergents.

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PAPER:     COMPUTER SCIENCE     (200 MARKS)

Paper-I (100 Marks)

Section-A (50 Marks)

I. Introduction to Computing

Introduction to Information Technology and Computers, History of Computing, Computer HW and SW Details, Computer System Components  and Communication System, Input & Output devices  and their types, Storage Media  and their types,  Types of  Computer Hardware,  Software, and Programming languages, Information Representation & Number Systems, User interfaces, Major Software Issues, Creation, formatting, and maintenance of Computer documents, Usage of Word processors, Spread sheets, Power-Point, Email, Search Engines,  Browsers, Messengers, and Internet , Computers & Society, Information Security/Privacy, Computer Crimes and  Ethical Challenges, Viruses, Plagiarism, Intellectual Property Rights, Difference between computer science, software engineering, information technology, information systems, computer engineering and bioinformatics; IEEE / ACM computing disciplines guidelines.

II. Programming Fundamentals

Basic programming elements and concepts, Problem Solving & Program Design, Components of a programming language, Program development and execution, Program structure, Data types and variable declarations, Standard I/O streams, and statements, Control structures, Standard library functions, User defined functions and parameter passing,  Arrays, pointers, and strings, Structures, unions, and bit manipulation operators.

III. Object Oriented Paradigm

Object Oriented Programming Concepts ( Object-oriented paradigm, data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, Polymorphism),  Introduction to Classes and Objects ( classes, objects, data members, member functions),  Classes Advanced ( friends, static, composition, this, const), Operator overloading (stream insertion, stream extraction, binary operator, unary operator),  Inheritance (single inheritance, multiple inheritances, protected members, method over-riding), Polymorphism (virtual function, pure-virtual functions, abstract class, abstract super class), Standard Template Library (STL), Files & streams (sequential access files, random access files), File processing, Exception Handling.

Section-B (50 Marks)

IV. Algorithms & Data Structures

Fundamental concepts, Properties of algorithms, Criteria for an Algorithm, Parameters for selecting an algorithm, Algorithm Representations, Pseudo Code and Flow Charts, Designing Algorithms,  Algorithm Analysis and Asymptotic Notations, Classification  of Lists, Abstract Data Types, Implementation of Stacks and Queues using ADTs, Searching and Sorting Algorithms (Linear Search, Binary Search, Bubble Sort, Merge Sort, Quick Sort, Heap Sort), Stacks and Queues, Hash Tables (Linear Probing, Bucketing, Chaining), Recursion, Trees (Binary Trees, Binary Search trees, AVL Trees, Two-Three Trees), Graphs, Heuristic (Guided) Search, Genetic Algorithms, Encryption Algorithms (DES, RSA).

V. Software Engineering

Software Processes, Software Process Models, Agile Software Development, Analysis Modeling, Requirements Engineering, Design Concepts, Architectural Design, Design & Implementation, Software Testing, System Delivery and Maintenance, Software Evolution Formal Specification, Software Quality Assurance, Introduction to Proofs of Correctness (LNO), Distributed Software Engineering,  Aspect-Oriented Software Engineering, Project Management,  Process Improvement.

VI. Compiler Construction

Difference among various type of Translators, Phases of Compilers,  Classification of Compilers, Lexical Analysis (Input buffering, Specification &  Recognition of tokens, Regular expressions, Finite automata, Syntax Analysis (Context-free grammars and their classification, LL(k) vs. LR(k) grammars, Top-down vs. Bottom-Up parsers, Parsing Techniques,  FIRST and FOLLOW sets, Predictive Parsing using LL(1) grammars, Syntax error handling and recovery strategies), Syntax Directed Translation (Synthesized attributes, Inherited attributes, Construction of syntax trees, Top-down translation), Semantic analysis (Symbol tables, Type Expressions, Type Checking of statements), Intermediate Code Generation, Code Generation (Issues in the design of code generation, The target machine, Run-time storage management, Register allocation), Code optimization (Elimination of Redundant code, Folding of Constant, Loop optimization, Peephole optimization, Problems of optimization).

Paper-II (100 Marks)

Section-A (50 Marks)

I. Computer Organization & Architecture

Fundamental concepts, Overview of a Computer System, Evolution & Performance Languages, Architectural levels, Virtual machines, Processor types, Metrics, Machine instructions, Instruction execution cycle, CISC vs. RISC, Parallelism, Internal/External data representation, Computer Function and Interconnections, Cache Memory, Internal Memory, External Memory, Input /Output System, Computer Arithmetic Microprocessor and its Bus Structure, I/O Types, Types of Buses, Memory Organization and Structure,  information flow and execution in Machine, Instruction Representation, Machine Instruction Characteristics, Instruction Processing, Processor Structure & Function, Control Unit Operation, Micro-programmed Control, Instruction-Level Parallelism And Superscalar Processors, Parallel Processing, Multi-Processor and Multi-core Systems.

II. Computer Communications & Networks

Basic Concepts and Classification of  Networks, Circuit switching, Packet switching, Multiplexing (TDM, FDM), Layering: OSI and TCP/IP, Application Layer (Network application architectures, HTTP, FTP, Email, DNS, P2P applications), Transport Layer (Multiplexing in UDP and TCP, Connectionless Transport: UDP, Reliable data transfer and TCP, Congestion avoidance and control), Network Layer (The Internet Protocol, IPv4 Datagram, Internet Address Classes, Special IP Addresses ARP,  IPv6, ICMP, Network Address Translation (NAT), Internet Routing Protocols and Algorithms, X.25, Frame relay and ATM, MPLS), Physical & Link Layer Functionalities (Error Detection & Control, ARQ, Link layer addressing, LAN Technologies, Bridges and Hubs, Multiple Access), Special topics (Security, Overlay networks, naming, Content distribution networks, Peer to peer systems, DHTs, Network Attacks).

III. Operating Systems Concepts

Roles of an Operating System, Operating-System Evolution, Structures, and Operations, Classification of  Operating Systems, Computing Environments, Design and Components of OS, Process Management, Process Synchronization, Deadlocks, Memory Management, Virtual Memory Management, File Systems (UNIX and Windows Systems), I/O Management.

Section-B (50 Marks)

IV. Database Systems

Introduction to Database Systems, Relational Data Model & Relational Database Constraints, Relational Data Model, SQL, Relational Algebra & Calculus, ER Model, ER to Relational Mapping, PL/SQL Stored Procedures & Triggers, Functional Dependencies and Normalization, Storage & Indexing, Indexing Structure, XML documents & Web Services, Query Processing & Evaluation, Query Optimization, Transaction processing, Object Oriented Databases, Distributed Databases, Database Security & Access Control.

V. Digital Image Processing

The relation between Image Processing, Computer Graphics, Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence; Image Sensing and Acquisition Techniques; Representing Digital Image; Image Sampling and Quantization; Image Storage and Operations; Image Transformations (Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Shear); Image Histogram; Image Enhancement (Contrast, Smoothing, Sharpening); Gray-scale and Color Images; Color Models (RGB, CMYK and HIS); Image Restoration; Noise Models; Morphological Operators (Erosion, Dilation, Opening, Closing, Skeletonization, Thinning); Image Segmentation; Point Detection, Line Detection, Edge Detection and Boundary Detection; Image Compression.

VI. Web Engineering & Technologies

Modeling techniques for web applications, Introduction to web engineering, requirement engineering, requirement, types of requirements, functional requirements, non functional requirements, Requirement engineering process (Elicitation and negotiation, Documentation, Validation and verification, Management), HTML(hypertext markup language), Software Architecture, Styles, Patterns, and frameworks, Components of  Web Architecture, Classifications of  web architecture , Web Application layered architecture ( client server, n- layered, JSP model, struts, OOHDM ), Integration Architecture, Data Aspect architectures, Cascading Style Sheet(CSS), CSS properties, JavaScript (Functionalities, Events, Variables, Operators), DOM(Document Object Model), XML, RSS, API, Client-side programming using (HTML, XHTML, XML, JavaScript, and CSS), Server side programming using PHP, Web development process, Web Application Development Methodologies, Web site promotion and deployment, Web applications Issues (Accessibility, testing, performance, operation, maintenance, security).

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PAPER:   CONSTITUTIONAL LAW   (100 MARKS)

1. Definition and Scope of Constitutional Law, Basic Constitutional Concepts (Constitutional Conventions, Rule of Law, Due Process), Constitutional Structures (Parliamentary, Presidential, Separation of Powers), Judiciary (Independence of Judiciary, Judicial Review, Theories of Constitutional Interpretation) Fundamental Human and Political Rights and Civil Liberties (freedom of speech, association, assembly, movement and Right to Counsel, life, property, religion, privacy, self incrimination, double jeopardy).
2. Principles of Constitutional Law with special reference to United Kingdom, United States of America, France, Russia, China, Pakistan, India and Turkey.
3. Constitutional History of Pakistan: Principles of Constitutional Law of Pakistan, Salient feature of the Government of India Act, 1935, Indian Independence Act 1947, Objectives Resolution 1949, Constitutions of 1956, 1962 and 1973, Abrogation and Suspension of the Constitutions and the Martial Laws, Legal Framework Order, 1970, The PCO of 1981, The RCO of 1985, The LFO-2002, Amendments in the 1973 Constitution.
4. Legal Development:
   • Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan v. Federation of Pakistan PLD 1955 Sindh 96.
   • Federation of Pakistan vs. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, PLD 1955 FC 240
   • Reference by the Governor-General PLD 1955 FC 435 State v. Dosso PLD 1958 SC 533.
   • Usif Patel v. Crown PLD 1955 FC 387
   • Begum Nusrat Bhutto v. Chief of the Army Staff PLD 1977 SC 657
   • Hakim Khan v. Government of Pakistan PLD 1992 SC 595
   • Nawaz Sharif v. President of Pakistan PLD 1993 SC 473
   • Benazir Bhutto v. the President of Pakistan PLD 1992 SC 492
   • Khawaja Muhammad Sharif, PLD 1988 Lah. 725
   • Federation of Pakistan v. Haji Saifullah Khan PLD 1989 SC 166
   • Khawaja Ahmad Tariq Rahim PLD 1992 SC 646
   • Benazir Bhutto v. President of Pakistan, PLD 1998 SC 388
   • Asma Jilani v. Government of the Punjab PLD 1972 SC 139
   • State v. Zia ur Rehman PLD 1973 SC 49
   • Mahmood Khan Achakzai v. Fed. of Pakistan PLD 1997 SC 426
   • Zafar Ali Shah General Pervez Musharraf, PLD 2000 SC 869.
   • Sindh High Court Association v. Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2009 SC 879.

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PAPER:     CRIMINOLOGY     (100 MARKS)

Section-I       (25 Marks)

I. Introduction

Basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and criminal behaviour.

II. Understanding Criminology

Definition, meaning and scope of criminology; Criminology and criminal law; Crime as social problem; Deviance, Sin Vice, Evil, Norms, Values; Security (Physical, Social, Economic)

III. Crime and Criminals

Occasional criminals, Habitual criminals, Professional criminals, White-collar crime, Organized crime, corporate crimes.

IV. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives

Early explanation of criminal behavior

• Biological Theories; Psychological Theories; Sociological Theories.
  • Social Disorganization theory
  • Strain theory
  • Social Control theory
  • Learning theory
  • Labeling Theory
• Islamic perspective on deviance and crime.

Section-II      (25 Marks)

V. Juvenile Delinquency

Meaning, definitions (Behavioral Vs Legal), Juvenile delinquent Vs status offender, Official statistics of juvenile delinquency.

VI. Juvenile Justice System

• • Role of police
  • Juvenile court process:
    • pretrial, trial and sentencing
    • Role of prosecutor, defense counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile probation officer
  • Juvenile correctional institutions; probation and non-punitive alternatives

VII. The Criminal Justice System:

• • Police and its role
  • Trial and Conviction of Offenders
    • Agencies: formal and informal
    • Criminal courts: procedures and problems
    • Role of prosecutors
  • Prisons, Probation and Parole

VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals

Corporal punishment, Imprisonment, Rehabilitation of criminals.

 Section-III     (25 Marks)

IX. Criminal Investigation

Principles of criminal investigation, Manual of preliminary investigation, Intelligence operations, Data base investigation, Electronic investigation, Forensic Investigation.

X. Techniques of Investigations

Gathering information from persons, Interviewing and interrogation techniques, Criminal investigation analysis.

XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators

Stop and frisk operations, Arrest procedures, Search and seizure.

XII. International Policing and Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations

UNAFEI, INTERPOL, EUROPOL, UNODC, UNICEF, IPA, etc.

Section-IV    (25 Marks)

XIII. Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology

• • Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
  • Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal Justice System Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention
    • Intelligence-led Policing
    • Community Policing
    • Private Public Partnership
  • Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
  • Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and White-Collar Crime
  • Human Rights Abuses and Protection, especially of Children; Women and Minorities; The role of civil society and NGOs.
  • Money-laundering
  • Cyber Crime
  • Role of NAB, FIA, ANF

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PAPER:        ECONOMICS        (200 MARKS)

Paper-I (100 Marks)

I. Micro Economics

Consumer behaviour, Determination of market demand and supply i.e. concept of elasticity of Demand & Supply, Static, Comparative Static Analysis, Distinction between partial and general equilibrium analysis (basic level), theory of the Firm, Producer’s equilibrium, Pricing of the factors of production.

II. Macro Economics

Basic Economic Concepts, National Income Accounting, Consumption Function, Multiplier, Accelerator, Component of Aggregate Demand, Labour Demand and Supply, Un-Employment, Determination of equilibrium level of income and output (at least with reference to two or three “schools of thought”), Inflation.

III. Money and Banking

Functions  of  Money,  Quantity  Theory  of  Money,  The  Fisher  and Cambridge  Formulations,   Systems   of   note   issue,   Credit   Creation, Functions  of  Central Banks,  Instruments  of  Credit  Control,   Distinction between Goals, Operational & Intermediate Target of Central Banks Policy, Concept of Reserves, Liquidity Premium, Term Structure of Interest Rate, etc; Transmission Mechanisms of Monetary Policy, Theory of Liquidity Preference. TVM, Capital Structure, Capital Restructuring, IS-LM Analysis and The role of Central Bank, Money Demand and Supply.

IV. Public Financing

Government expenditure, Sources of Government Revenue, Privatization, Taxes and non-taxes, Incidence of different taxes, Public Debt, Objectives, methods of repayment, Deficit financing,  General Equilibrium Analysis, Welfare Economics, Fiscal Policy.

V. International Trade

Theories of comparative advantage and Factor Endowments, Trade & Growth, Colonialism, Imperialism and International Trade, Trade Restrictions, Economic Integration, Trade Policy, Balance of Payments, Foreign Exchange, International Monetary system, Custom Unions.

VI. Economic Development

Concepts of development, Human development, Historical growth process and Development, Theories of development, structural issues of development, Income distribution and poverty, sectoral (agricultural, Industry, trade and fiancé) issues and development, environment and development.

Paper-II (100 Marks)

(Economics of Pakistan)

1. Definition and Measurement of Development: Characteristics of under development, rethinking on the concept of development: Growth vs. Redistributive justice, Absolute and Relative Poverty, Basic Needs Approach, Sustainable Development, Environmental Degradation & other Issues.
2. Planning Experience of Pakistan: A critical evaluation of the strategy of economic planning, governance & Institutions.
3. Agricultural Development in Pakistan: Changes in Agricultural Policies over plan periods, Major Monetary and Fiscal measures to promote Agricultural development, Green Revolution Strategy and its implications for  growth  and  redistribution,  Land  Reforms  and  changes in  the  Tenure System 1950—1980, Cooperative Farming, Rural Development.
4. Industrial Development   in   Pakistan:   Early   industrialization strategy,   Creation   of   Financial   and   Development   Institutions,   Major monetary and fiscal measures to promote industrial development, changing role of public sector over the plan periods, Evaluation of Nationalization Policy, Concentration of industrial income and wealth, Evaluation of Import Substitution Policy and Export led Growth Strategy in Pakistan.
5. Role of Foreign Trade and Aid in Economic Development : Trends in Pakistan’s Balance of Payments, Terms of Trade, Changes in direction of trade, Trends in Pakistan’s major exports and imports, Causes of significant changes in the trends, the role of migration and remittances in Pakistan’s economy, costs and benefits of Foreign Aid, Role of Foreign Investment.
6. Privatization, Denationalization, Deregulation: conceptual and operational aspects. International comparisons. Pakistan Experience of Privatization.
7. Interest Free Banking in Pakistan
8. Energy Policy of Pakistan
9. Social Sector Development in Pakistan
10. Major Issues in Pakistan Economy: Energy crisis, Corruption, Bad governance, External debt accumulation and dependency, Unemployment, Income inequality, Inflation, Fiscal and trade deficits, Balance of payment issues, Shortage of irrigation water.

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PAPER:     ENGLISH LITERATURE     (100 MARKS)

The paper is divided into six components along with the marks allocation for each component.

I. Essays: (10 Marks)

• Bertrand Russell (The Conquest of Happiness)
• George Orwell (Politics and the English Language; The Prevention of Literature)
• Ralph Waldo Emerson (The Transcendentalist; Self-Reliance)

II. Short Stories: (10 Marks)

• Somerset Maugham (The Lotus-Eater)
• K.Chesterton (A Somewhat Improbable Story)
• O’Henry (The Gift of the Magi)

III. Poetry: (20 marks)

• William Wordsworth (Resolution and Independence; Lines Composed Few Miles Above, Tintern Abbey)
• John Keats (Ode to a Nightingale; Ode to Autumn)
• Lord Alfred Tennyson (Ulysses; The Lady of Shalott)
• Yeats (A Dialogue of Self and Soul; The Second Coming)
• Eliot (The Wasteland; Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock)
• Philip Larkin (Maturity; Continuing to Live; The Trees)
• Wallace Stevens (A Postcard from the Volcano; Continual Conversation with a Silent Man; Dry Loaf) OR Walt Whitman (As I Ponder’d in Silence; Are You the New Person Drawn Toward Me?; This Moment Yearning and Thoughtful)

IV. Drama: (20 marks)

• Shakespeare (Hamlet; King Lear; Twelfth Night)
• William Congreve (The Way of the World)
• Shaw (Pygmalion; Heartbreak House )
• Harold Pinter (The Caretaker)
• Samuel Beckett (Waiting for Godot)
• Eugene O’Neill (Long Day’s Journey into Night)

V. Novels: (20 marks)

• Thomas Hardy (Far from the Madding Crowd)
• H. Lawrence (Sons and Lovers)
• George Orwell (Nineteen Eighty-four)
• James Joyce (A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man)
• Iris Murdoch (Under the Net)
• Nathaniel Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter) or William Faulkner (The Sound and the Fury)

VI. Literacy Theory & Criticism (20 Marks)

• Structuralism
• Marxism
• Deconstructionism
• Psychoanalytic criticism
• Feminist criticism
• Postcolonial Criticism

Note: The texts are mentioned in brackets in front of each author’s name. However, for the component on “Literary Theory and Criticism” and for understanding poetry and drama, particularly 20^th century poetry and Drama, following readings are suggested:

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PAPER:     ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE     (100 MARKS)

I. History of Environmental Thought

Environment and Sustainable Development, History of Environmental Movements, Industrial and Agriculture Revolution, United Nations Conference on Human Environment 1972, Our Common Future 1987, Rio Summit 1992, Agenda 21, World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, Rio Summit-II, 2012, Millennium Development Goals.

II. Sustainable Development Issues

Population growth, Poverty, Biodiversity loss and its Conservation, Energy security (energy conservation and alternative energy resources), Urbanization and sustainable cities, Carrying capacity and ecological footprint. Food security and sustainable agriculture. Ecological restoration.

III. Interdisciplinary nature of Environmental Science

Orientation on convergence of various social and natural sciences to evolve a new discipline of environmental science: Environmental Biology, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Physics, Environmental Microbiology, Environmental Toxicology, Environmental Economics, Environmental Geology, Environmental Geography, Environmental Biotechnology, Environmental Sociology.

IV. Environmental Pollution

Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Soil Pollution, Noise Pollution, Solid Waste, Water Logging & Salinity, Deforestation, Desertification, Eutrophication, Global and regional air pollution problems (Greenhouse effect, Global Warming/Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, Acid Rain).

V. Climate Change

Climate Pattern at local, regional and global scale. Different types of climate including tropical and mid latitude climate, polar climates. Climate change processes, Drivers and Indicators of Climate Change, Effects of Climate Change on natural and societal systems. Carbon foot print. Climate change adaptation and mitigation, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), REDD+. Global environmental politics on climate change: role of India, China and USA (Copenhagen Accord 2009).

VI. Environmental Governance

Policy, legal and institutional frameworks for governance of environment in Pakistan: National Conservation Strategy of 1992, National Environmental Policy Act of Pakistan 2005, Environmental Protection Act of 1997, Pak-EPA (Review of IEE/EIA) Regulations 2000, Hospital Waste Management Rules 2005, Pollution Charge Rules, Sample Rules, Solid Waste Management Plan 2005, Hazardous Substances Rules 2005, National Drinking Water Policy 2009, Sanitation Policy, National Climate Change Policy 2012.

VII. Global initiatives

Brief on some of the Multilateral Environmental Agreements ratified by Pakistan, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC, Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).

VIII. Environmental Assessment and Management

Environmental Impact Assessment, Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14000), Occupational Health & Safety management systems (OHSAS 18000), Participatory Approaches to Environmental Management, Technological Approaches to Environmental Management, Approaches to Solid Waste Management, Disaster Risk Management, Pollution Control Technologies, Geographic Information System & Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Management.

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PAPER:        EUROPEAN HISTORY       (100 MARKS)

Part –I (Marks 50)

I. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era (1789-1815)

• • • The causes of French Revolution
    • The consequences of Revolution
    • Napoleon rise to power
    • Creation of Empire
    • The Continental system
    • The fall of Napoleon

II. The Concert of Europe (1815-1830)

• • • The Congress of Vienna
    • Metternich’s Era
    • The Concert of Europe and Congress System
    • Balance of Power

III. Forces of Continuity and Change in Europe (1815-1848)

• • • Nationalism
    • Liberalism
    • Romanticism
    • Socialism
    • Industrial Revolution
    • Colonialism
    • Consequences

IV. The Eastern Question (1804-1856)

• • • The nature of the Eastern question
    • The Crimean War
    • Russo Turkish War 1877
    • Consequences

V. Unification of Italy

• • • The effects of the revolution of 1848
    • The obstacles to unification
    • Cavour and the unification of Italy
    • The Process of Italian unification (1859-1871)

VI. Unification of Germany

• • • The rise of Bismarck
    • Diplomatic events
    • The Austro-Prussian War (1866)
    • The Franco- Prussian War (1870-1871)
    • The triumph of Bismarck and process of unification

VII. The Origins of First World War (1890-1914)

• • • Formation of Alliances and Counter Alliances
    • The Balkans War (1912-1913)
    • The outbreak of the World War 1

Part –II (Marks 50)

VIII. The First World War and its aftermath

• • • The War (1914-1918) and peace treaties
    • The League of Nations

IX. Dictatorships in Europe

• • • Fascism in Italy under Musssolini
    • Hitler, Nazism and Germany
    • Russia , Marxism Revolution and its working under Stalin
    • Great Depression and its effects on Europe
    • Appeasement
    • The Arm race
    • The Sudetenland Crisis (1938)
    • The distraction of Czechoslovakia (1939)

X. The Second World War and its Effects on Europe

• • • The Main Events of the War
    • Impact of war

XI. Post- War Europe

• • • The post war settlements
    • The United Nations
    • Economic Recovery of Europe, Marshal Plan
    • German Question
    • NATO
    • Decolonization

XII. Cold War Europe (1955-1991)

• • • Effects of cold war
    • Warsaw Pact (1955)
    • The European Economic Community (EEC)
    • Nuclear Non-Proliferation Agreement
    • Charles Degaule and France
    • Spread of communist regimes in Europe

XIII. Europe (1991-2012)

• • • The Gorbachev and Disintegration of USSR
    • The reunification of Germany
    • The Balkan crisis of 1990s
    • The European Union
    • Role of Europe in War against terrorism
    • Global Economic Crisis and Europe

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PAPER:        GENDER STUDIES        (100 MARKS)

I. Introduction to Gender Studies

• Introduction to Gender Studies
• Difference between Gender and Women Studies
• Multi-disciplinary nature of Gender Studies
• Autonomy vs. Integration Debate in Gender Studies
• Status of Gender Studies in Pakistan

II. Social Construction of Gender

• Historicizing Constructionism
• Problematizing the category of “Sex”: Queer Theory Is “Sex” socially determined, too?
• Masculinities and Femininity
• Nature versus Culture: A Debate in Gender Development

III. Feminist Theories and Practice

• What is Feminism
• Liberal Feminism
• Radical Feminism
• Marxist/Socialist Feminism
• Psychoanalytical Feminism
• Men’s Feminism
• Postmodern Feminism

IV. Feminist Movements

• Feminist Movements in the West. First Wave, Second Wave and Third Wave Feminism. United Nation Conferences on Women, Feminist Movements in Pakistan.

V. Gender and Development

• Colonial and Capitalistic Perspectives of Gender
• Gender Analysis of Development Theories; Modernization Theory, World System Theory, Dependency Theory, Structural Functionalism.
• Gender Approaches to Development: Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD), Gender and Development (GAD); Gender Critique of Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs).
• Globalization and Gender

VI. Status of Women in Pakistan

• Status of Women’s health in Pakistan
• Status of Women in Education
• Women and Employment
• Women and Law

VII. Gender and Governance

• Defining Governance
• Suffragist Movement
• Gender Issues in Women as Voters
• Gender Issues in Women as Candidates
• Gender Issues in Women as Representatives
• Impact of Political Quota in Pakistan

VIII. Gender Based Violence

• Defining Gender Based Violence
• Theories of Violence against Women
• Structural and Direct Forms of Violence
• Strategies to Eliminate Violence against Women IX. Case Studies of:
• Mukhtaran Mai
• Mallala Yousaf Zai
• Shermin Ubaid Chinoy

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PAPER:             GEOGRAPHY            (100 MARKS)

Part –I (Marks 50)

Physical Geography

1. Factors controlling landform development; endogenic and exogenic forces; origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; physical conditions of the earth’s interior; geosynclines; continental drift; isostasy; sea-floor spreading; plate tectonics; mountain building; volcanicity; earthquakes; concepts of geomorphic cycles; landforms associated with fluvial, arid, glacial, coastal and Karst cycle; groundwater.
2. Elements and Factors of climate, structure and composition of atmosphere, insolation, temperature, Pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation: planetary,monsoon and local winds; Air masses and Fronts; Hydrological cycle; Types of condensation and precipitation; Factors of global distribution of precipitation.
3. Origin of oceans and seas, Characteristic features of the ocean basins, temperature, salinity distribution cause and effects, Ocean floor deposits, their characteristics and classification, Ocean circulation, Waves, currents and tides, their nature, causes and effects.
4. Factors of climate and Environmental change. Transformation of nature by man; environmental degradation and conservation; Nature and Types of pollution. Problems caused by pollution, Global Warming, Global Environment Patterns, Environmental Hazards and Risk Management.

Part –II (Marks 50)

Human Geography

1. Origin and Diffusion of Culture, Geographic patterns of culture, Classification of Languages, World Distribution of Languages, Indo-European Languages, Origins of Religions, Diffusion of Religions, Global Distribution, Regional conflicts, Ethnicities and Nationalities, Ethnic Conflicts, Ethnic Diversity in the World, Factors of Ethnic Cleansing, Ethnic Cleansing in the World, Development Indicators, Economic Indicators, Social Indicators, Health Indicators, Development through Trade, Impacts of development Indicators.
2. Factors effecting Agriculture, Subsistence Agriculture and population growth, Commercial Agriculture and Market Forces, Sustainable Agriculture, Types and Distribution of Agriculture, Factors of Industrial locations, The Industrial Revolution, Industrial Theories, Distribution of Industries and Industrial Estates, Renewable Resources, Recycling Resources, Sustainable resources.
3. Factors of Population Growth, Components of Change, Population Structure, The Demographic Transition, World distribution of Population, Over and under Population threats and their consequences, Models of Internal Structure of Cities, World Urban Patterns, Settlement Theories, Patterns and Problems within urban areas.
4. Politics, Geography and Political Geography, State as a Politico-Territorial Phenomenon, State, Nation and the Nation-State, World Politics and International Relations, Geopolitics of uneven Development and Globalization of Capital, Geography of Tourism and Recreation, The demand for tourism and recreation, The supply for tourism and recreation, The impact of tourism and recreation: (Socioeconomic impacts, Physical-environmental impacts), Global patterns in health and diseases, Models in medical geography, Recent issues and developments.

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PAPER:             CSS GEOLOGY            (100 MARKS)

Part- I  (50-marks)

I. Introduction to Physical Geology

Introduction and scope of geology, its importance and relationship with other sciences; Earth as a member of the solar system: its origin, age, composition and internal structure; Introduction to rocks and minerals; Weathering and erosion; Isostasy; Geological Time Scale.

II. Stratigraphy and Paleontology

Principles of stratigraphy; Laws of superposition and faunal succession; Geological time scale with divisions; Classification and nomenclature of stratigraphic units: lithostragraphic units, biostratigraphic units and chronostratgraphic units.

Introduction to fossils and their significance; Modes of fossilization; Study of morphology, range and broad classification of major invertebrate phyla;  Introduction to micro fossils; Introduction to Paleobotany; Introduction and classification of major vertebrates; Introduction to micropaleontology

III. Mineralogy

Classification of minerals; Study of internal structure; Polymorphism and isomorphism; Paragenesis; Physical and optical properties of the common silicate and non-silicate mineral groups; Introduction to crystallography: elements of symmetry, study; normal classes of crystallographic systems.

IV. Structural Geology and Tectonics

Stress-strain concepts; factors controlling the mechanical behavior of materials; Folds; Faults; Joints; Foliation: terminology, classification and relationship with bedding; Lineation; Unconformity.

Plate tectonics theory; Geological evidences for continental drift; Sea-floor spreading; Oceanic ridges; Continental rifts; Intra-oceanic islands; Hot spot and Mantle plumes; Wilson Cycle; Tectonic framework of Pakistan.

V. Petrology and Petrography

Introduction, classification and description of sedimentary rocks; origin; transportation and deposition of sediments; Texture of sedimentary rocks; Sedimentary structures, their classification, morphology and significance; Composition, origin, differentiation and evolution of magma; Classification of igneous rocks; Mode of occurrences and types of extrusive rocks; Texture and structure of igneous rocks; Introduction to metamorphism; Types of metamorphism; Grades, zones and facies of metamorphism; Metamorphic diffusion and differentiation; Metamorphism in relation to Plate Tectonics; Differentiation between metamorphism and metasomatism.

Introduction to Polarizing Microscope; Optical properties of opaque and non-opaque minerals in plane polarized light and under crossed nicol including metallic under reflected light; Description of optical properties of common rock forming minerals.

Part- II   (50-marks)

I. Introduction to Geophysics

Definition and relation of geophysics with other sciences; Classification and brief description of various branches of geophysics such as seismology, geomagnetism, geoelectricity, tectonophysics, gravimetry, geo-thermy and geodesy; Introduction to various geophysical techniques for exploration of mineral deposits, oil and gas, subsurface water and engineering works.

II. Sequence Stratigraphy

Introduction: history, concept and significance of sequence stratigraphy; Data sources: seismic reflections, outcrops, well logs, core and seismic facies; Sea level changes: their causes and effects, accommodation, eustatic and relative sea curve; Hierarchy of sequence stratigraphic elements; Types of sequences and systems tracts.

III. Petroleum Geology

The nature and classification of petroleum hydrocarbons, their origin, migration and accumulation; Source sediments, reservoir rocks and trapping mechanism for oil and gas; Prospecting and exploration of oil and gas; Reservoir: characteristics, drive mechanism, energy and pressure maintenance; Secondary and enhanced recovery; Introduction to Sedimentary Basins of Pakistan.

IV. Engineering and Environmental Geology

Rock and soil mechanics and its application in civil engineering; Rock mass characteristics; Geotechnical studies of rocks and soils; Geological factors and strength of rocks; Study of geological factors in relation to the construction of buildings’ foundations, roads, highways, tunnels, dams and bridges; Application of geophysical methods for site investigation; Construction materials; Mass movement: their causes and prevention.

Introduction to environmental geology; Management of natural resources; Global climatic changes; Environmental controls for erosion, desertification and coastal degradation; Geological hazards such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, glaciers and shoreline processes; Remedial measures; Clean sources of energy; Industrial pollution, solid and liquid waste disposal, Introduction to environmental impact assessment and initial environmental examination.

V. Mineral and Energy Resources

Introduction of geological exploration/prospecting. Brief description of hydrocarbons, coal, gemstones, copper, lead, zinc, iron, gold, chromite, manganese, salt, gypsum, bauxite, sulphur, barite, fluorite, clays, phosphorite, building and dimension stones; Industrial rocks and minerals; Radioactive minerals and rocks; Special reference  to economic mineral deposits in Pakistan.

Origin, occurrence, and depositional environments of coal; Coal constitution and its kinds; Coal rank, grade and calorific value; Coal deposits of Pakistan with reference to Thar Coal; Geothermal energy resources of Pakistan.

VI. Economic and Applied Geology

Metallic and Non-metallic mineral resources of Pakistan; Mineral-based industries. Overview of Recodec Copper; Radioactive minerals and their occurrences in Pakistan; Gemstones of Pakistan.

Geology of Reservoirs, dams, highways and tunnels; Major natural hazards and their impacts on the environment with special reference to Pakistan.

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PAPER:   CSS GOVERNANCE & PUBLIC POLICIES   (100 MARKS)

I. Basic Concepts of Governance:

• Origin of the term Governance
• Definition of Governance
• Definition of Good Governance
• Characteristics of Good Governance: Participation, Rule of law, Transparency, Responsiveness, Equity, Effectiveness and Efficiency, Accountability, Strategic Vision
• Collapse/Failure of Governance: its indicators diagnostic tools & Effects

II. Governance Theories:

• Communitarianism
• Decentered Theory
• Libertarian Socialism
• Institutionalism
• Marxism
• Neoliberalism
• Rational Choice Theory
• Regulation Theory

III. Governance Indicators laid by World Bank/IMF/UNESCO/UNDP/ADB, their Explanation & Application Level in Pakistan:

• Voice and Accountability
• Political Stability and Absence of Violence
• Government Effectiveness
• Regulatory Authorities & their Quality
• Rule of Law
• Control of Corruption

IV. Public Policy and Planning Institutions and their role in Planning

• Institutional Framework for Policy Coordination and Planning(ECNEC, Economic Coordination Committees of the Cabinet, The Federal Cabinet, The Secretaries Committee, The Prime Minister’s Secretariat, The Planning Commission, The Finance Division, The Cabinet Division, and all Federal Ministries for their respective subjects)
• Role of Planning Commission in Policy and Planning
• Strategic Planning in Federal
• Provincial Government and Local Government
• Role of International Donors in Policy Formulation (IMF Document “Memorandum on Economic and Financial Policies 2013/14–2015/16,” that underpins almost all public policies.)
• Public Policy and Implementation in Key Sectors (i.e., Health, Education).

V. Accountability:

• General Introduction to Accountability and its concepts(Standards, Symbolism, regional and country-wide comparisons, a Review of Contemporary Studies)
• Types of Accountability- Political Accountability, Legal/ Judicial Accountability, Administrative Accountability, Professional Accountability, Private vs. Public Accountability
• National Strategies against Corruption and remedial measures.

VI. Bureaucracy:

• Introduction to the Concept of Bureaucracy(History, Neutrality, Steel Frame of the State, Negative Connotations Associated with the term)
• Theories of Bureaucracy (Max Weber, Marx, John Stewart Mill, Woodrow Wilson)
• Role of Bureaucracy in Pakistan (British legacy, civil-military relations, neutrality, dilution of neutrality, political allegiance, power, corrupting the incumbent, institutional degradation, constitutional guarantees, indexing of salaries with the CPI or lack thereof.)
• Public Administration and Code of Ethics (Effectiveness of the Estacode and the Code of Ethics, Comparison with other countries)

VII. Public Policy Formulation and Implementation

• The Policy Making Process: How Policies are Made (Six including diagnosis and six stages with cautions to be exercise at each stage)
• Policy Implementation & Role of Bureaucracy (Training, Pervasive Inertia and how to break it, Lack of Decision Making, Culture of postponement and delays, Lack of resources, Political interference, Ability to say “No.”)
• Policy Analysis, The Quest for Solutions (Lack of research in policy analysis, Lack of coordination among departments, secrecy, openness)
• Policy Evaluation: Assessing The Impact of Public Policy, Program EvaluationSuccess and failure of Govt.

VIII. Multi-level Governance in Pakistan:

• Legislature: National Assembly, Senate, Provisional Assemblies  Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Courts, Lower Courts  Functioning of the offices:
• President of Pakistan,
• Prime Minister of Pakistan
• Office of Governor,
• Office of Chief Minister, Federal Cabinet, Cabinet Committees, Federal Secretariat, Provincial Secretariat
• Local Government system: District Government, Zila Government, Tehsil Government, Union Administration, Its Efficacy, Performance & Causes of Success or Failure

IX. Federalism, Devolution and Decentralization

• Constituents participation in Federal Structure
• Principle of Subsidiarity in Public Service Delivery
• Decentralization Model of Kerala

X. Role of Citizens in Governance

XI. Good Governance in Islam

• Quranic Guidance on Good Governance
• Concept of Governance and its application in light of Quran; Sunnah and Fiqh.

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PAPER:  HISTORY OF PAKISTAN & INDIA  (100 MARKS)

I. Muslim Rule and Heritage in India (712-1857):

Political History Arrival, foundation and consolidation of Muslim rule in India, important rulers of the Slave Dynasty and the Mughals. The Spirit and legacy of Muslim civilization, Art, Architecture and literature, Public Administration under Muslim Rules. Sultans, Kings, Economic, Social, Judicial, Civil and Military system during the Muslim rule, Industry, trade and commerce under the Muslim patronage, Financial Administration.

II. British Rule in India: 1857-1947:

British Imperialism, origin and growth of the East India Company, Causes and effects of downfall of the Mughal Empire in India, War of Independence in 1857:Causes and effects.

III. Constitutional and Political Reforms of the British Government (1858-1947)

and growth of the Political Parties –Indian Congress

IV. Muslim Struggle for Independence:

Role of Shah Wali Ullah, Syed Ahmad Shaheed and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan towards regeneration of the Muslim of South Asia, All India Muslim League, Partition of Bengal, Simla Deputation, Lucknow pact; Khilafat movement. Nahru Report Quaid-i- Azam’s Fourteen Points.

V. Pakistan Movement:

Allama Iqal’s Allahabad Address 1930, and Round Table Conference. The Congress Rule in the provinces-1937-1939, Lahore Resolution 1940, various Missions and Plans for the partition of the South Asia. Founders of Pakistan: Quaid-i-Azam, Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Syed Amir Ali, Ali Brothes. Sir Agha Khan, Chaudhry Rahmat Ali, etc.

VI. History of Pakistan (1947- Todate):

Pakistan’s early Challenges—Quaid-i-Azam as Governor-General, various attempts at constitution making.

VII. Military in Politics:

Ayub Khan, Yahya, Zia–ul–Haq and Pervaiz Musharaf regimes, Civil Military Relationship in Pakistan,

VIII. Separation of East Pakistan:

Causes and Effects,

IX. Working of Democracy in Pakistan:

Liaquat Ali Khan to Firoz Khan Noon (19471958), Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Period,(1971-1977),Benazir, Nawaz Sharif ,Revival of Democracy: 1988-1999, Restoration of Democracy (2008 to date), Role of Major Political Parties and Pressure Groups in the history of Pakistan.

X. Foreign Policy of Pakistan (1947-1999)

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PAPER:             HISTORY OF USA             (100 MARKS)

I. Introduction:-

• • From ancient times to 1492
  • Advent of the Europeans to British supremacy (1492-1606)

II. USA as a British Colony (1606-1783).

III. USA as an Independent Country (1783 – 1819)

IV. Expansion of USA: From 13 to 50 States (1820 – 1949)

V. Constitution of the USA: Salient Features

VI. Civil War between the North and the East (1850 – 1869)

VII. Industrialization and its emergence as one of the world powers (1870 -1916)

VIII. USA’s role in the Two World Wars (1914 – 1918 & 1939 – 1945)

IX. Post 1945 world scenario and emergence of USA and USSR as the Two World Powers.

X. American Role in patronizing UNO and International Organizations 1945 – 2012

XI. American Role in Cold War and its emergence as the Sole Super Power (1945 1990).

XII. International Concerns of USA: An Overview.

XIII. The War on Terror: The Role of Pakistan and USA (2001 – 2012) Global perceptions of the USA.

XIV. Progressive Era: Reforms of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson,

XV. The Great Depression and the New Deal

XVI. Civil Rights Movement

XVII. United States’ role in International Conflicts

XVIII. US Presidential Election

XIX. The US Congress: Role and Functions

XX. Separation of Powers: Check and Balances

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PAPER:          INTERNATIONAL LAW          (100 MARKS)

I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.

The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law, The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.

II. Relation between International Law and State Law.

Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law

III. State in General and Recognition

Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of State and Government in National Law.

IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

V. The Settlement of International Disputes.

Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.

VI. International Humanitarian Law.

International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War, Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.

VII. The Use of Force

The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of Force, The Right of Self-Defence.

VIII. International Institutions

XI. State Territorial Sovereignty.

X. State Responsibility.

XI. State Jurisdiction.

XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.

XIII. The State and the Individual.

XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.

XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.

XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.

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PAPER:   INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS   (200 MARKS)

Paper—1 (Marks-100)

I. Introduction

• The Definition and Scope of International Relations.
• The Nation-State System
• Evolution of International Society

II. Theories and Approaches

• The Classical Approaches-Realism and Idealism
• The Scientific Revolution-Behavioral Approach, System Approach, Neo-realism, Neo-liberalism.
• Post-modernism, Critical Theory, Feminism, Constructivism

III. International Political Security.

• Conceptualization of security in the Twenty-First century
• Elements of National Power
• Balance of Power
• Foreign Policy: Determinants, Decision Making and Analysis
• Sovereignty
• National Interest

IV. Strategic Approach to International Relation.

• War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, Civil War, Guerilla Warfare
• Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture.
• Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to India and Pakistan

V. International Political Economy.

• Theories in IPE: Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, and Neo- Marxism
• Theories of Imperialism, Dependence and Interdependence discourse

VI. International political community.

• Nationalism
• Internationalism
• Globalization

VII. Approaches to Peace

• Diplomacy
• International Law
• Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation Regime

VIII. International Political Institution

• United Nations
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• World Bank
• International Court of Justice

Paper- II  (Marks-100)

I. International Relation between two Wars

• Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War

II. Cold War

• Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
• Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
• Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War

III. Post Cold War

• End of History, Clash of Civilizations, Terrorism, Globalization, Unipolarity (New World Order) and Revival of Multi-Polarity

IV. International and Regional Organizations

• League of Nations, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA, SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
• Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF

V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries

• USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU

VI. South Asia

• Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and Pakistan.
• India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty; Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people contact; Trade; and Role of civil society
• Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion and Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post Cold War situation—Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring
• Freedom; The Bonn Process- Withdrawal

VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction

• Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
• Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear Doctrines
• Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty;
• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
• Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Cooperation for Nuclear Energy
• The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment Militarization and Weaponization of Space.

VIII. Contemporary Issues

• Euro-Atlantic Vs. Asia Pacific: Great Power Policies
• Kashmir Issue
• Palestine Issue

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PAPER:   ISLAMIC HISTORY & CULTURE   (100 MARKS)

Part –I (Marks 50)

1. Pre-Islamic Near East: An Overview

• • • Political, Social, Cultural, Religious and Economic Conditions in the Near East including Arabia before the dawn of Islam.

2. The Dawn of Islam: The Prophetic Age (570-632)

• • • Biography of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH): A Chronology of the Major Events in his Life.
    • Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as a Motivator (Daa’i), Major points of his mission.
    • Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as a Military Leader/Strategist.
    • Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as a Political Leader/Head of the State

3. The Pious Caliphate (632-660)

• • • Caliph Abu Bakr (632-34): Apostasy Wars and Consolidation of Islam
    • Caliph Umar b.Khattab (634-44): Establishment of Administrative System and Expansion of Muslim Empire
    • Caliph Uthman b.Affan (644-56): Problems and Issues in the Muslim Community
    • Caliph Ali b.Talib (656-660): Rise of Factionalism
    • Abdication of Imam Hasan and Establishment of Umayyad Dynasty (660)

4. Political System of Islam under the Prophet (PBUH) and the Pious Caliphate

• • • Nature of Islamic State
    • Form of the Government
    • Functions of the Islamic State
    • Sovereignty of God
    • Caliphate or Vicegerency of Man
    • Appointment of Caliph
    • Shura or the Consultative Body and its Role

5. Institutional Development of the Muslim Civilization: The Early Phase (622-660)

• • • Development of Law and Judiciary in Early Islam
    • Administration and State Conduct
    • Defense in Early Islam
    • Educational System
    • Propagation of Islam
    • Financial Administration
    • Heritage and Culture

6. The Umayyads in Power (660-749)

• • • Political History of the Umayyad Dynasty
    • Statecraft and Administration under the Umayyads
    • Society and the Development of Arabic Literature.
    • Cultural Achievements

Part –II (Marks 50)

1. The Abbasids of Baghdad (749-1258)

• • • The Abbasid Revolution and the Establishment of the Abbasid Dynasty
    • Administrative Structure under the Abbasids
    • Development of Scientific Knowledge under the Abbasids
    • Muslim Philosophy under the Abbasids
    • Cultural Achievements

2. Spain under the Muslim Rule

• • • Spain under the rule of the Arabs and Moors (711-1492)
    • Political Fragmentation and the Fall of Granada (1492)
    • Muslim Contribution in the Realm of Culture, Arts and Architecture

3. The Crusades against Islam

• • Major Encounters and Actors (1092-1228)
  • Impact of the Crusades on Muslim-Christian Relations

4. The Ottoman Empire

• • • Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Turks (1299-1923)
    • State, Society and Economy under the Ottomans
    • Treatment with the Religious Minorities
    • Contribution towards Culture, Arts and Architecture

5. Sufism as an Institution of the Muslim Society Origin and Development of Sufism

• • • Contribution of the Sufis to the Muslim Civilization
    • Relationship of the Sufis with the State and Political Authorities.
    • A Critical View of Sufism

6. Islam and Modernity in Contemporary World

• • • The Emergence of Islamic Modernism
    • Intellectual, Political, Economic, Social and Educational Aspects of Islamic Modernism
    • Dissemination of Muslim Learning in the West

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PAPER:   JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION   (100 MARKS)

1. Introduction to Mass Communication

• • • Concept – Definitions, Need/Importance/Purposes, Types of Communication, Process of Communication, Basic Models.
    • Functions of a model, Evaluation of a model
    • Basic models in Mass Communication: o Lasswell’s Model (1948) o Shannon-Weaver model (1948) o Osgood,s model  (1954) o Schramm’s model (1954) o Newcomb’s symmetry theory (1953) o Westley-McLean’s model (1976) o Gerbner model (1956)

2. Mass Communication Theories

• • • Normative theories of the press: Schramm’s four theories and criticism on these theories
    • Media as agents of power
    • The Spiral of silence
    • Media Usage and gratifications
    • Media hegemony
    • Diffusion of innovations
    • Powerful effects model: hypodermic needle, magic bullet theory.
    • Moderate effects model: two-step and multi-step flow of communication.
    • Powerful media revisited: Marshal McLuhan’s media determinism

3. Global / International Communication

• • The Historical Context of International Communication
  • Globalization, technology, and the mass media
  • Communication and Cultural imperialism
  • Communication Flow in Global Media: Imbalance in the flow of information between North and South
  • McBride commission and its recommendations.
  • International Communication in the Internet Age: the new social media and its effects on developing world

4. Media and Society

• • Mass media and social change
  • Media as a social system: The balance between interrelation and interdependence
  • Media freedom and its role for democracy,
  • The functional approach to mass media: four social functions of the media
  • Media as an awareness agent
  • Mass media and social representation

5. Mass Media in Pakistan:

• • Media system in Pakistan: historical, chronological, and analytical review
  • The system of journalism and the media system
  • Employer-employee relations in Pakistani media
  • Government-press relations
  • Press in Pakistan: The newspaper industry, from mission to the market
  • Electronic media: from total dependence to enormous power
  • The new 24/7 television: uses and abuses
  • The new radio: potential for change and the present performance.
  • The question of freedom and responsibility

6. Development Support Communication

• • Theories of development support communication with specific focus on the developing world
  • The dominant paradigm of development: historical, analytical perspective
  • The Alternative paradigm of development
  • Small is beautiful: community development as a snowball effect.
  • Globalization vs Localization
  • Glocalization
  • Social Marketing: how to infuse new ideas into a developing population

7. Public Relations:

• • Concept of Public Relations
  • Historical development of public relations: from press agentry to PR
  • Public relation in Pakistan
  • Ministry of information
  • Press Information Department (PID)
  • Public relations and publicity
  • PR as a tool for governance
  • Private PR agencies and their structure
  • Basic methods of PR: press release, press note, press conference
  • PR Ethics

8. Media Laws and Ethics:

• • History of Media Laws in Pakistan
  • Development of media regulations from British colonial era to independent Pakistan
  • Libel, Defamation and relevant portions of PPC
  • PPO, RPPPO
  • PEMRA: establishment, development, and operational mechanisms
  • Press Council of Pakistan (PCP)
  • Citizens Media Commission: need, present status, and reasons for inactivity
  • Press Code of Ethics
  • Inability of the media to develop a code of ethics as an institution The media’s quest for freedom and its inability to self regulate.

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PAPER:            LAW          (100 MARKS)

1. Definitions of Crime

2. All Provisions of:

   1. Concept of arbitration, arbitration with or without intervention of court and in civil suits.
   2. Establishment of Civil Courts with their Original & Appellate Jurisdiction.
   3. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
   4. Pakistan Penal Code, 1860
   5. Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984
   6. Criminal Procedure Code, 1898

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PAPER:          MERCANTILE LAW          (100 MARKS)

I. Law of Contract, 1872

• • Definitions
  • Essentials of a valid contract (Proposal, Acceptance, Consideration, Free consent, Capacity of Parties, Not hereby declared to be Void)
  • Kinds of Contracts (Valid, Void, Voidable, Not Voidable)
  • Variety of Contracts (Contingent, Quasi, Bailment, Pledge, Indemnity, Agency) Performance of Contract, contracts that need not to be performed.
  • Breach of contract, consequences of breach, damages for breach of contract.

II. Sales of Goods Act, 1930

• • Definitions
  • Differences: Sale & agreement to sell, conditions and warranties, express & implied conditions.
  • Doctrines: Caveat emptor, Nemo dat
  • Right and duties of seller & buyer, rights of unpaid seller.

III. Partnership Act, 1932

• • Definitions
  • Essentials of partnership
  • Kinds of partnership (partnership at will, particular partnership, limited partnership)
  • Rights and duties of Partners
  • Relation of partners to third persons (implied authority of partner, doctrine of holding out)
  • Incoming and outgoing partners (minor)
  • Dissolution of firms (compulsory, by agreement, by court, by notice on happening of contingencies)

IV. Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881

• • Definitions
  • Types of negotiable instruments (Cheque, bill of exchange, promissory note)
  • Parties to instruments, holder & holder in due course
  • Rules (as to negotiation, presentment, payment & interest, discharge, noting and protest, compensation, acceptance, payment for honour)
  • Special rules of evidence
  • Special provisions relating to cheques & bills of exchange (dishonor, duties of banker)
  • Provisions as to foreign instruments

V. Competition Act, 2010

• • Definitions
  • Prohibition and abuse of (dominant position, certain agreements, discipline, marketing practices) Approval of mergers
  • Competition commission of Pakistan (established, composition, term)
  • Functions and powers of commission
  • Provisions as to penalty and appeals.

VI. Electronic Transaction Ordinance, 2002

• • Definitions
  • Recognition and presumption of electronic transactions (writing, signature, stamp duty, attestation etc.)
  • Electronic documents (attribution, acknowledgement, time and place of dispatch)
  • Certification of service providers
  • Application to acts done outside Pakistan
  • Offences & Nature (false information, false certificates, damage to information system etc)

VII. The Arbitration Law in Pakistan

• • Definitions
  • Appointment, number and removal of arbitrator
  • Award by arbitrator
  • Powers of court upon award (remittance, modification and setting aside of award)
  • Types of arbitration (with or without intervention of court)
  • Stay of legal proceedings in presence of arbitration agreement

VIII. Consumer’s Protection Act, 2006

• • Definitions
  • Consumer Commission (establishment, powers and functions, complaints before commission and disposal)
  • Provisions as to compulsory recall of goods
  • Duties and liabilities of provider of goods (return and refund of goods)
  • Offences and penalties
  • Contract between consumer and provider

IX. Companies Ordinance, 1984

• • Definitions
  • Types of Companies
  • Fundamental papers of company (Memorandum of association, articles of association, prospectus)
  • Transfer of shares and debentures
  • Management and administration (promoters, share holders, directors, chief executive, auditors)
  • Meeting’s and proceedings (statutory, general, annual general meeting)
  • Winding up (voluntary, by court)

X. Electronic Fund Transfer Act, 2007

• • Definitions
  • Payment system and their operation (designation of payment system & revocation, real time gross settlement system, governance & operation arrangement)
  • Payment instruments (designation, issuing and prohibition of instruments)
  • Clearing and other obligations
  • Supervisory Control of state bank
  • Documentation of transfers
  • Notification of error and liabilities of parties
  • Law relating to action before court

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PAPER:     MUSLIM LAW & JURISPRUDENCE      (100 MARKS)

I. The Sources of Islamic Law

• • The Quran
  • The Sunnah
  • Ijma
  • Qiyas
  • Ijtehad

II. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence

III. Islamic Criminal Law

• • Hadd
  • Taz’ir
  • Qisas and Diyat

IV. Islamic Family Law

• • Marriage
  • Dower
  • Divorce
  • Separation by Repudiation (Talaq)
  • Separation by Mutual Agreement (Khula)
  • Judicial Separation (Faskh)
  • Post-Divorce Maintenance
  • Child Custody
  • Succession

V. Islamic Law of Contract

VI. Islamic Banking and Insurance

VII. Islamic International Law

VIII. Islamic Law and Human Rights

IX. Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939

X. Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961

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PAPER:           PASHTO           (100 Marks)

I. Origin of Pashto language, its dialects and alphabets

II. Pashto Grammar

III. General question on history of Pashto literature and literary movements in Pashto

IV. Essay on prominent aspects of Pashto Culture, Historical and Literary personalities.

V. Translation of unseen passages from Pashto in to English or Urdu.

VI. Translation of unseen passages of English or Urdu into Pashto.

VII. General Questions on evolution and criticism of Pashto Prose and Poetry.

VIII. Pashto Classic Poetry

(i) Khoshal Khan Khattak (ii) Rehman Baba (iii) Abdul Hamid Baba

(iv) Ali Khan (v) kazim Khan Sheda

IX. Pashto  Modern Poetry

(i) Amir Hamza Khan Shinwari (ii) Ghani Khan (iii) Qalandar Momand (iv) Abdur Rahim Majzoob (v) Younas Khalil

X. Pashto Folk Literature,

(i). Tappa’ (ii) Charbaita’ (iii) Neemakai’ (iv) Badala etc and Pashto proverbs.

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PAPER:          PERSIAN          (100 Marks)

PART—I   (Marks-50)

• Elementary Information about the Pre-Islamic Persian Languages: Avesta, Old Persian and
  Pahlavi.
• Origin and development of the new Persian Language (In this part Revivalist movement, Purist movement and the adaptation of foreign loan words need to be studied).
• The advent and history of Classical Persian Literature from SAMANID’s period to the Mushrootah Movement with special emphasis on the outstanding Persian prose writers and poets. (The Persian prose writers and poets from 4th century H to 10th century H).
• The contemporary Persian Literature with special emphasis on the New Poetry(نو شعر(
  and Fiction writing and their outstanding representatives.
• A Short introduction to Persian Language and Literature, besides Iran, in Afghanistan,
  Tajikistan and Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent.
• Significant features of the grammar of the language as under:
  اسم ، فعل ، ضمیر ، صفت ، قید، حرف ، شبھ جملھ / صوت
  In classical background, the four styles known as Khurasani, Iraqi, Hindi and Revivalist may be studied.
• A Short essay writing in Persian on literary and cultural themes.
• Translation of simple English passage into Persian.

PART—II   (Marks-50)

This part will require first hand reading of the texts prescribed and questions will be designed to test the candidate’s critical abilities.

TEXT SELECTION

1.        PROSE:

2-POETRY

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PAPER:         PHILOSOPHY         (100 MARKS)

I. Introduction:

Definition, Nature and Scope of Philosophy

II. Philosophical Methods:

Socratic Method (Socrates); Inductive Method (Bacon, Mill); Deductive Method (Aristotle, Descartes); Dialectical Method (Hegel); Fallibilistic Method (Popper)

III. Epistemology:

Rationalism (Plato, Descartes, Spinoza); Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume); Transcendentalism (Kant); Intuitionism (Bergson)

IV. Ontology:

Idealism (Plato, Berkeley); Representative Realism (Locke); Historical and Dialectical Materialism (Marx)

V. Ethics:

What is morality? The challenge of cultural relativism; Does morality depend on religion? Psychological and ethical egoism: Virtue Ethics (Aristotle); Moral Absolutism (Kant), Utilitarianism (J.S. Mill); Social Contract Theory (Hobbes, Rawls).

VI. Muslim Thinkers:

Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Al-Ghazali, Ibn Rushid, Ibn Khaldun, Shah Waliullah, Muhammad Iqbal.

VII. Contemporary Philosophical Movements:

Existentialism     (Heidegger,     Sartre);     Pragmatism     (Peirce,     James,      Dewey); Neo-pragmatism (Rorty); Postmodernism (Lyotard, Foucault, Derrida).

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PAPER:          PHYSICS         (200 MARKS)

PAPER—I   (Marks-100)

I. Mechanics

• • Vectors: Dots, Cross and triple products, Gradient, divergence, curl and applications.
  • Newtonian laws of motion: calculus based approach to kinematics, forces and dynamics, conservation law of energy; conservation of linear and  angular momentum; Dynamics  of  rigid  body;  spin  and precession; gyroscope; Gravitation; planetary motion and satellites; Kepler’s laws; centripetal forces
  • Special theory of relativity: Michelson-Morley experiment  and Einstein’s  postulates;  Lorentz  transformation;  time  dilation  and  length contraction; equivalence of mass and energy.

II. Fluid Mechanics

• • Surface tension; Viscosity; Elasticity; fluid motion and Bernoulli’s theorem.

III. Waves and Oscillations, Optics

• • Free oscillation with one and two degrees  of  freedom;  forced  and damped oscillations and phenomenon of resonance; Simple harmonic motion; Traveling waves and transmission of energy; Phase and Group velocity; standing waves; Basics of sound waves.
  • Reflection, Refraction, Interference, Diffraction and Polarization of waves; interfero meter and Newton’s rings; Diffraction Gratings and their resolving power; spectro meters. Electromagnetic wave equation; normal and anamolous dispersion; coherence, lasers and applications.

IV. Heat and Thermodynamics

• • Perfect gas, real gas and Van der Waals equation; Three Laws of Thermodynamics; internal energy; temperature; entropy; Thermal properties of  simple  systems; kinetic  theory  of  gases;  Maxwellian  distribution  of molecular   velocities; Brownian motion; Transport phenomena.  Classical Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics and its application; Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Statistics.

PAPER—II   (Marks-100)

I. Electricity and Magnetism

• • Electric field due to point charges; Gauss’ law; Electric potential; Poisson and   Laplace’s   equations;   Dielectric   medium   and   Polarization; Capacitance;  Moving  charges  and resulting magnetic  field;  Ampere’s  law; Magnetic properties of matter; Faraday’s law of   electromagnetic   induction;  Alternating   current   and   RLC   circuit; Poynting theorem and Poynting Vector. Maxwell’s equations in integral and differential form; scalar and vector potential.

II. Modern and Quantum Physics

• • Waves and particles and De Broglie’s Hypothesis; Operators and quantum states; observables; time dependent and independent Schrodinger equation; angular momentum; spin-1/2 particle in a magnetic field; wave mechanics; particle in a box; tunneling; one-dimensional harmonic oscillator; Heisenber’s uncertainty relationship and indeterminacy based on commutation properties of operators; Bohr’s theory and  quantum  numbers  including  electron  spin;  Pauli’s exclusion  principle;  Spectra  of  simple  systems  with  one  or  two  valence electrons;   photo   electric   effect;   Compton   scattering;   pair   production; Lande’s g factor and Zeeman effect. Raman effect;

III. Solid State Physics

• • Crystal lattice and structure, Bravais lattice, free electron model, Band theory and electron in a periodic potential, Fermi energy and density of states, n and p type semiconductors, physics of the transistor and MOSFET, dielectric properties, magnetic properties and origin of magnetism.

IV. Nuclear Physics

• • Structure of Nuclei; Radioactivity,,  and  decay;  Methods of detection of nuclear radiation, Mass   Sepectrometer;  Accelerators;   Phenomenon   of   fission; reactor and nuclear power; nuclear fusion and its applications; Elementary particles and their properties.

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PAPER:     POLITICAL SCIENCE     (200 MARKS)

PAPER I- (Marks – 100)

Part-A (50 Marks)

I. Western Political Thought:

Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Montesquieu, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, Mill, Bentham, Hegel, Marx, Lenin, Mao, Gramsci, Karl Popper, Pierre Bourdieu, John Rawls, Frances Fukuyama, Foucault, Derrida, Kierkegaard, Jean Paul Sartre, Rene Descartes.

II. Muslim Political Thought:

Al-Farabi, Al-Mawardi, Ibn Rushd, Imam Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyyah, Nizam-ul-MulkTusi,    Ibn Khaldun, Shah Waliullah, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Jamaluddin Afghni, Rashid Rida.

Part-B (50 Marks)

III. State System:

The nature and emergence of modern nation-state system, Islamic concept of state and Ummah.

IV. Political Concept (Western and Islamic):

Sovereignty, Justice, Law, Liberty, Freedom, Equality, Rights and Duties, Human Rights, Political Authority and Power.

V. Comparative Politics:

Political Socialization, Political Culture, Political Development, Political Recruitment, Social Change, Civil Society, Violence and Terrorism in Politics, Gender and Politics, Women Empowerment.

VI. Political Participation:

Political Change and Revolution, Elections, Electoral System, Public Opinion, Propaganda, Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Lobbies.

VII. Political Institutions and Role of Government:

Legislature, Executive, Judiciary, Political Elites, Civil and Military Bureaucracy.

VIII. Forms of Government:

Monarchy, Democratic, Dictatorship, Totalitarian/Authoritarian, Unitary, Federal, Confederation, Presidential and Parliamentary.

IX. Political Ideologies:

Capitalism, Marxism, Communism, Socialism, Totalitarism, Fascims, Nationalism, Islamic Political Ideology.

X. Local Self Government:

Theory and practice of Local Self-Government with special reference to Pakistan, Comparative analyses of systems of local governance, Public Administration and Public Policy.

PAPER II- (Marks – 100)

Part-A (30 Marks)

I. Comparative and Analytical Study of the Political Systems:

Political System of U.S.A, U.K, France and Germany

II. Global and Regional Integration

Globalization and Politics, Global Civil Society, Regional politico-economic integration and organizational structure of the European Union, SAARC, ECO, International Financial Regimes IMF and WTO.

Part-B (70 Marks)

III. Comparative and Analytical Study of the Political Systems:

Political system of Turkey, Iran, Malaysia, India and China.

IV. Political Movements in India (Colonial Period):

Rise of Muslim Nationalism in South Asia and Pakistan Movement (with special reference to the role of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah)

V. Government and Politics in Pakistan:

Constitution making from 1947 -1956, A comparative and critical analysis of 1956, 1962, 1973 Constitutions of Pakistan, Constitutional Amendments up-to-date, Federal Structure in Pakistan,  and Central-Provincial relations after 18^th amendment, Political Culture of Pakistan, Political Developments and the Role of Civil and Military Bureaucracy, Judiciary, Feudalism, Dynastic Politics, Political Parties and Interest Groups, Elections and Voting Behavior, Religion and Politics, Ethnicity and National Integration.

VI. International Relations:

History of International Relations: Post World War-II (WW-II) Period.

Foreign Policy of Pakistan: National Interests and Major Determinants i-e

1. Size/Geography
2. Economic Development
3. Security
4. Advancement in Technology
5. National Capacity
6. Political Parties/Leadership
7. Ideology
8. National Interest
9. Role of Press/Bureaucracy
10. Social Structure
11. Public Opinion
12. Diplomacy.
13. Foreign Policy-making Process in Pakistan

Also External Factors like International Power Structure, International Organizations, World Public Opinion and Reaction of other States.

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PAPER:          PSYCHOLOGY          (100 MARKS)

I. Nature and Scope of Psychology:

Definition and scope, Psychology as a Science, Schools, Perspectives, and Models of Psychology, Recent Trends.

II. Biological Basis of Behaviour:

Nervous System, Neuron and its function, Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Endocrine System

III. Sensation and Perception:

Sensory process, Perception, Gestalt Principles, Binocular and Monocular cues, Illusions and Extra Sensory Perception, Determinants of Perception.

IV. Learning and Memory:

Nature and Forms of Learning, Types of learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning, Reinforcement, Extinction, Discrimination, Punishment, Observational Learning, Theories of Learning, Types of Memory, Process of Memory, Forgetting, Theories of Memory

V. Motivation and Emotion:

Homeostasis, Factors affecting Motivation, Biogenic and Social Motives, Measurement of Human Motivation, Theories of Motivation, Emotions, Types of Emotions, Physiological changes in Emotion, Theories of Emotions.

VI. Psychological Assessment:

Attributes of Psychological Measures, Validity, Reliability, Item Analysis, Norms, Modern Test Theory, Selection and Training, Educational and Clinical Assessment, Ethical and Legal Issues in Assessment.

VII. Personality:

Determinants of Personality, Factors in Development of Personality, Theoretical Perspectives, Personality Assessment and Techniques, Cross-Cultural Issues.

VIII. Intelligence:

Theories of Intelligence, Types of intelligence (IQ, EQ), Assessing Intelligence

IX. Social Influence and Group Dynamics:

Social Facilitation, Attribution, Conformity, Obedience, Altruism, Attitudes, Social Norms.

X. Developmental Psychology:

Physical, Cognitive, Social and Emotional development in Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood and Old Age

XI. Abnormal and Clinical Psychology:

Concept and causes of Abnormality, Clinical Assessment and Intervention, Different disorders such as Schizophrenia, Mood disorder, Anxiety disorder, Personality disorder, etc. Psychological treatment including different Therapeutic instructions.

XII. Organizational/Industrial Psychology:

Leadership styles, Decision making, Work motivation, Organizational Culture, Stress and Conflict at Work and its Management, Organizational Socialization, Job related Attitude, Sexual Harassment, Glass Ceiling, Human Computer interaction.

XIII. Health Psychology:

Beliefs and Behaviour, Models of Health Psychology, Assessment and Intervention, Models of Stress, Chronic and Terminal Illness, Role of Social Support.

XIV. Forensic Psychology:

Psychology and Law, Investigation, Confession, Eyewitness Testimony, Working with Offenders, Juvenile Delinquents, Drug Addicts, Sex Offenders etc.

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PAPER:     PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION     (100 MARKS)

I. Public Administration: Concepts, Approaches and Context

Definitions; Role and Scope of Public Administration in Society; Issues in Public Administration Theory and Practice:  Democracy versus Bureaucracy, Politics versus Administration, Efficiency versus Equity; Core Values of Public Administration: Rule of Law, Efficiency, Equity and Fairness, Responsiveness; Traditional Public Administration; New Public Management; New Public Service; Governance Approach to Public Administration; Islamic Concept of Public Administration; Historical roots of Public administration in Pakistan.

II. Public Administration: Classical and Contemporary Theories and Concepts

Bureaucracy; Scientific Management; Human Relations Approach; Leadership, Motivation, Network Governance; Strategic Management; Public Choice Theory; Types of Organizational Structure; Organization of Federal, Provincial, and Local Government in Pakistan; Administrative Culture of Pakistan; Inter-governmental Relations at Federal and Provincial level in Pakistan.

III. Public Policy Planning, Implementation and Evaluation

Strategic Planning and Management; Planning Process; Policy Analysis; Policy Implementation; Program Evaluation; Planning Machinery; Role of Donors and International Institutions in Public Policy and Management; Policy making and implementation in Pakistan.

IV. Budgeting and Financial Management

Budget as a Policy Tool; The Budget as a Managerial Tool; Principles of Budgeting, Audit and Accounting in Government; Line-Item Budgeting; Performance Budgeting; Program Budgeting; Zero-Base Budgeting; Outcome-Based Budgeting. Planning and Budgeting in Pakistan.

V. Managing Human Resources

Spoil system versus Merit System in Public Employment; Personnel versus Human Resources Management; Close system versus Open System of Public Employment; Functions of Human Resources Management; Implementation of HRM in Public Sector: Key Issues and Challenges.

VI. Administrative Law

Meaning; Scope and Significance; Nature and Contents of Administrative Law, Administrative Ethics, Delegation of Authority and Legislation, Administrative Tribunals; Administrative Law in Pakistan.

VII. Public Management Skills

Planning; Decision Making, Conflict Management; Leading, Communication, Administrative Buffering; Managing Change; Managing Diversity; Stress Management; Delegation; Public Service Motivation; Creativity and Problem Solving; Issues of Public Management.

VIII. The Civil Service of Pakistan

Historical Background of Civil Service, The Structure of civil Service; History of Civil Service Reform; Management of Civil Service; Institutional and Cultural Context of Civil Service; Role of Civil Service in Good Governance, Gender and Civil Service.

IX. Organization of Provincial and Local Government

Governance Structure of Provincial Administration; Organization of Provincial Secretariat; Organization and Functions of Provincial Authorities and Agencies and their Relationship with Government Departments; Post-devolution Local Governance; Organization and Functions of District Government and Administration; Organization and Structure of City District Government; Issues and Challenges of Local Governance.

X. Governance and Administrative Reforms

Theories of Administrative Reforms; Types of Administrative Reforms; Privatization; Regulation; De-regulation; Decentralization; Partnerships and Collaboration; Business Re-engineering, Quality Assurance; Administrative Reform in Pakistan.

XI. Public Administration Accountability & Control

Bureaucratic Responsiveness; Representative Bureaucracy; Citizens Engagement in Public Service; Accountability & Control; Concept and Approaches to Public Accountability; Institutional Framework for Administrative Accountability; Legislative, Executive and Judicial Control over Administration; Administrative Corruption; Role of Civil Society in Good Governance; Media, Interest Groups and Civil Society Organizations; The Situation in Pakistan.

XII. Public Administration and Development

Role of Public Administration in Development; Concept of Development Administration; Difference Between Development Administration and Development Management; Changing Role of Public Administration in Development, Issues and Challenges of Public Administration in Pakistan.

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PAPER:     PUNJABI     (100 MARKS)

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PAPER:     PURE MATHEMATICS     (100 Marks)

Section-A (40- marks)

I. Modern Algebra

• • Group, subgroups, Lagranges theorem, Cyclic groups, Normal subgroups, Quotient groups. Fundamental theorem of homomorphism. Isomorphism theorems of groups, Inner automorphisms. Conjugate elements, conjugate subgroups. Commutator subgroups.
  • Ring, Subrings, Integral domains, Quotient fields, Isomorphism theorems, Field extension and finite fields.
  • Vector spaces, Linear independence, Bases, Dimension of a finitely generated space. Linear transformations, Matrices and their algebra. Reduction of matrices to their echelon form. Rank and nullity of a linear transformation.
  • Solution of a system of homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear equations. Properties of determinants.

Section-B (40- marks)

II. Calculus & Analytic Geometry

• • Real Numbers. Limits. Continuity. Differentiability. Indefinite integration. Mean value theorems. Taylor’s theorem, Indeterminate forms. Asymptotes. Curve tracing. Definite integrals. Functions of several variables. Partial derivatives. Maxima and minima. Jacobnians, Double and triple integration (techniques only).Applications of Beta and Gamma functions. Areas and Volumes. Riemann-Stieltje’s integral. Improper integrals and their conditions of existences. Implicit function theorem.
  • Conic sections in Cartesian coordinates, Plane polar coordinates and their use to represent the straight line and conic sections. Cartesian and spherical polar coordinates in three dimensions. The plane, the sphere, the ellipsoid, the paraboloid and the hyperboloid in Cartesian and spherical polar coordinates.

Section-C (20-marks)

III. Complex Variables

• • Function of a complex variable; Demoiver’s theorem and its applications. Analytic functions, Cauchy’s theorem. Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series. Singularities. Cauchy residue theorem and contour integration. Fourier series and Fourier transforms.

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